GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

Sweep Blast Cleaning

 SSPC-SP 7-Brush-o Blast Cleaning

 SSPC-SP16-Brush-O Blast Cleaning of Coated and Uncoated Galvanized Steel
 SSPC-SP1-solvent cleaning

Coating:

Thick Film Coating: dry film thickness greater than 20 mils (500 microns)

Thin Film Coating: average dry film thickness of 20 mils (500 microns) or less.

Stripe Coat: applied only to edges or to welds on steel structures before or after a full
coat is applied to the entire surface.

All weld lines, edges, bolts, nuts and rivets shall be given a brush applied stripe coat
prior to all coating applications.

When inorganic zinc is used stripe coating should be applied after the first coating.

Equipment Requirements

compressor and the blasting pot:

These shall be hydro-tested at a pressure of at least 1.73 MPa (250 psig) at ambient
temperature using clean water.

Blasting:

The reference standards for surface preparation are ISO 8501, ISO 8502, ISO 8503, ISO
8504 and SSPC-SP surface preparation standards.

Blasting shall be equipped with a remote control shut-o of the “deadman” variety.

The blast nozzle shall be electrically connected to an external. Grounding wire shall be
AWG-4 or larger.

General Requirement of Blasting and Painting:

1. The substrate temperature is less than 10°C or more than the temperature limit
2. substrate contains oil, grease, dirt, loose coating, loose rust, or other surface
contaminants.
3. Wind is strong enough to blow sand, salt spray, or other foreign matter onto the
surface being coated.

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GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

4. substrate temperature is less than 3°C (5°F) above the dew point

Dry bulb temperature (Tₑ) = 30°C

Wet bulb temperature (Tᵥ) = 26°C
RH≈100−5×(Td−Tw)
RH≈100−5×(30−26)
RH≈100−5×4=100−20=80%
Abrasive Material:
1. non-silica sand abrasive such as garnet, grit and slag.
Pre Blast Check:
1. coating inspector shall decide if the substrate requires solvent or detergent cleaning
as per SSPC-SP1 before abrasive blasting.
2. Welds, cut edges, and other areas with surface imperfections shall be prepared
according to ISO 8501-3 prior to blasting. Rough welds and cut-o s shall be ground to a
minimum radius of 3 mm to ensure proper coating application.
3. Abrasive blasting shall be carried out only when the steel surface is at least 3°C
(5°F) above the Dew Point

SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

Blasting Machine Inspection:

1. Compressed air supply shall be free of oil, moisture and contamination.
2. The inspector shall check and approve the air quality at the start and mid-point of
each 8-hour period.
3. Blotter or absorbent paper to a clip board, then hold it approximately 45 – 60 cm in
front of the blast nozzle during air flow only, with a nozzle pressure of 388 kPa (50 psig) for
approximately one minute. Satisfactory results shall be no water or oil contamination on the
blotter.
Minimum nozzle pressure acceptable for blasting steel shall be 620 kPa (90 psig)
measured at the nozzle side.

Post blast Check:

1. Abrasive shall be removed from cleaned external surfaces by dry brushing and
blowing down with clean, dry compressed air.
2. Abrasive blasted surfaces shall call for inspection prior to priming or coating if the
surfaces are hold for more than 4 hours after blasting.
3. Visual Inspection Cleanliness as per ISO 8501-2
4. The reference standard for profile measurement shall be the Replica Tape Method
according to ISO 8503-5.
5. ISO 8502-3-residual dust level shall be checked and dust rating shall be level 2
6. ASTM-D-4417 - Test Methods for Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Blast
Cleaned Steel
7. Salt Test – Elcometer SQM 130- SSPC Guide 15- field methods for the extraction and
analysis of soluble salts on steel

Coating Selection:

1. Coating selection shall be based on exposure, service, and operating conditions

involved with the object to be coated.
(Operating conditions shall refer to type of service, maximum operating temperature,
and maximum operating pressure as minimum).

For Aramco , For service / operating / exposure / application conditions not covered by
the SAES-H standards.
A formal letter shall be submitted to the end-user regarding the suitability
confirmation including a 5-year minimum coating performance warranty

SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

Coating Application:
1. Airless spray shall be the acceptable method of application for all coatings.
2. Brush application shall only be used for touch-up repair.
3. The use of rollers shall not be allowed. (Practically can be used for Touch Up better
Performance than Brush)
4. MEK (Methyl Ethyl Ketone) test in Inorganic Zinc Silicate commonly known as Rub
o Test

Handling and Storage:

Coatings and thinners shall be stored in well-ventilated buildings at storage

temperatures as recommended in the Manufacturer's data sheet.

DO’s and Don’t on Coating:

1. Partial mixing in two-component and multi-component coatings is prohibited.

2. Paints that contain metallic zinc should not be used on stainless steel as
embrittlement of the stainless steel substrate can occur in the event of severe fire damage.
3. the maximum brush size used shall be 125 mm.
4. In multi-coat applications, primer, intermediate coat, and topcoats shall be of
contrasting colors and from the same coating manufacturer.
5. Coating skins shall be cut and removed before application on recently opened and
partially used containers. If any skinning is found on previously unopened coating, the cans
should be set aside and not used
6. When using inorganic zinc primer, the contractor shall check for surface zinc
oxide formation immediately prior to applying an epoxy topcoat. This shall be
determined by examining the surface for the presence of visible insoluble white
deposits, overall white appearance and/or white staining. Any oxide formation shall be
removed by high pressure cleaning using sweet water (with maximum chloride
contents of 50 PPM and maximum TDS of 500 PPM), or by sweet water .
The surface shall be allowed to dry thoroughly prior to applying the topcoat. To
avoid pinholes and bubbles occurring in the intermediate coat of epoxy, a mist-coat
thinned 10 to 20% should first be applied to the inorganic zinc primer.

SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

Inspection on Coating (SSPC-PA-2):

1. For Structures not exceeding 300 sq ft, take 5 spot readings per 100 sq ft.
2. For Structures not exceeding 1000 sq ft, select 3 random 100 sq ft areas to test.
3. For Structures exceeding 1000 sq ft, select 3 random 100 sq ft areas to test in the
first 1000 sq ft and for each additional 1000 sq ft test one random 100 sq ft area.
4. immersion services shall be holiday checked using a wet sponge at 67.5 volts if
coating thickness does not exceed 500 microns.
5. No Spot Reading shall be 80% Below or 120% Above Understanding SSPC PA-2 the
Specifications
150 to 300 Microns DFT
• Minimum spot reading is 0.8 x 150 = 120
• Maximum spot reading is 1.2 x 300 = 360

Qualitative Inspection on Coating

1. Pull of Inspection -ASTM D 4541 Standard Test Method for Pull-O Strength of
Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers1
2. Cross cut knife Inspection- ISO 2409:2020

Defects in Coating:

1. Abrasion- The mechanical action of rubbing, scraping, scratching, gouging, or

erosion.
2. Adhesion Failure- Paint fails to adhere to substrate or underlying coats of paint.
3. Alligatoring (Crocodiling)- Very large (macro) crazing/cracking that resembles the
skin of an alligator or crocodile. Cracks may penetrate through to the undercoat or down to
the substrate.
4. Bleeding- Staining of a paint film by di usion of a soluble colored substance from
the underlying paint to give undesirable discoloration or staining. Often seen where
bituminous- or tar-based products are overcoated with topcoats in which the tar or bitumen
is soluble. Also occurs with emulsion paints.
5. Blistering- Dome-shaped projections or blisters in the dry paint film through local
loss of adhesion and lifting of the film from the underlying surface. Blisters may contain
liquid, vapor, gas, or crystals.
6. Bloom (Blush)- A hazy deposit on the surface of the paint film resembling the bloom
on a grape, resulting in a loss of gloss and a dulling of color.

SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

7. Bridging- The covering over unfilled gaps such as cracks or corners with a film of
coating material. This introduces a weakness in the painting film, which may crack or flake
o .
8. Bubbles or Bubbling- Bubbles within a paint film appear as small blisters. These
may be intact or broken (leaving a crater). It can be found in excessively thick paint films,
especially if spray applied, and also with roller application. This should not be confused
with blistering.
9. Cathodic Disbonding- Blistering and delamination of a coating system around bare
steel areas and coating defects associated with cathodic protection on buried pipelines,
immersed structures, and the hulls of ships.
10. Chalking- A friable, powdery layer on the surface of a paint film. A change of color or
fading is also seen. Chalking rates vary with pigment concentration and choice of binder.
Chalking is a known characteristic of certain paints, for example, epoxy paints.
11. Checking- Fine cracks that do not penetrate the topcoat of a paint system. Some
checking can be so minute that it is impossible to see without magnification.
12. Cissing- Surface breaks in a wet paint film, where the paint has receded to expose
the underlying substrate. The paint is unable to wet–out the substrate. Can be very large.
13. Cracking- The splitting of a dry paint film through at least one coat to form visible
cracks, which may penetrate down to the substrate. Cracking comes in several forms, from
minute cracking to severe cracking.
14. Cratering- The formation of small bowl-shaped depressions in the paint film. Not to
be confused with cissing.
15. Crazing- Similar to checking but the cracks are generally wider and penetrate
deeper into the film.
16. Crowsfooting- The development of small wrinkles in the paint film in a pattern
resembling a crow’s foot.
17. Delamination- Loss of adhesion between coats of paint.
18. Fading- Discoloration or gradual decrease in color of paint when exposed to
sunlight/weather. May be accompanied by loss of gloss. In some situations, it may resemble
chalking but without the powdery surface. Fading tends to accelerate in the presence of
moisture.
19. Flaking- A form of adhesion failure where paint flakes from the substrate. A familiar
sight on wood substrates and on galvanizing.
20. Grinning- The underlying surface is visible through the paint film due to inadequate
hiding power of the coating material. This is sometimes called grinning-through. Often seen
where dark colors are overcoated with lighter colors.

SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

21. Mud Cracking- The dried paint film has the appearance of a dried-out mud flat. The
cracks appear as a network that can vary in size and amount.
22. Intercoat Contamination- Cracks that radiate from a point of impact.
23. Orange Peeling- A uniform, pock-marked appearance, in particular of a spray-
applied coating, in which the surface of the paint film resembles the skin of an orange.
24. Peeling- Similar to flaking, although peeling tends to be associated with soft and
pliable fresh coatings that can be pulled away from or spontaneously flake away from the
substrate or from between coats, due to loss of adhesion.
25. Pinholes- The formation of minute holes in the wet paint film during application and
drying, due to air or gas bubbles that burst, giving rise to small craters or holes that fail to
coalesce before the film has set.
26. Rippled Coating- A rippled e ect on the surface of the paint.
27. Runs- A narrow downward movement of a coat of paint, often apparent from
accumulation of excessive quantities of paint at irregularities such as cracks and holes
where the paint continues to flow after the surrounding surface has set.
28. Rust Rashing- Fine spots of rust that appear on a paint film, often a thin primer
coat. The initial spots rapidly spread over the surface, resulting in a film of rust through
which the individual spots are di icult to discern. Also from holidays.
29. Rust Spotting- Individual spots of rust that appear on a paint film and frequently
start as localized spotting but rapidly increase in density.
30. Rust Staining- A light staining on the surface of the paint caused by the
precipitation of ferrous oxide from adjacent exposed steel.
31. Sags- Sags are caused by the downward movement of a coat of paint that appear
soon after application and before setting, resulting in an uneven area with a thick lower
edge. They are usually apparent on local areas of a vertical surface and, in severe situations,
may be described as curtains.
32. Settlement- The sedimentation of the solid constituents comprising pigments and
extenders from the binder and solvent while standing in a container. Settlement that occurs
after mixing and during application can result in di erent shades and performance in
di erent areas.
33. Skinning- Formation of a layer of skin on the paint surface in a container.
34. Solvent Lifting- Eruption of the surface of the paint film. Wrinkling and blistering,
which lead to a weak surface and ultimate coating breakdown.
35. Solvent Popping- Solvent (clear) bubbles on the surface of the paint film soon after
application.

SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

36. Undercutting- Visual corrosion beneath a paint film, often called creep. Corrosion
travels beneath the paint film and lifts the paint from the substrate. Severe cases can show
as blistering, flaking, cracks, and exposed rust.
37. Wrinkling- The development of wrinkles in the paint film during drying.

Blasting and Coating Applicator Qualification:

ASTM D4228-Standard practice for qualification of coating applicators for application of

coatings to steel surfaces

At the beginning of each project, blast cleaned steel sample plates to assess blasting
operators shall be prepared in compliance with the surface preparation requirements in the
Procedure Qualification Test (PQT).

The anchor profile shall be measured in accordance with ISO 8503-2 or ISO 8503-5.

For field measurements of surface profile, the following methods may be used: Replica
tape. Portable micrometer.

Checks on surface profile shall be made on each component of prepared surface and a
minimum of 3 times per blasting operator per day.

ASTM D4228

 Place the test panel approximately 12 in. (305 mm) above ground level and at
approximately 30° from the vertical plane, with the complex side up. This will simulate the
types of di icult coating situations encountered by coating applicators.
 The coating applicator shall demonstrate his ability to apply the specified coating to
a uniform dry-film thickness in accordance with the governing documents.Allow required
drying as prescribed by the governing documents prior to taking the dry-film thickness
reading of the applied coating. If a coating system specified requires a primer, intermediate,
and finish coat, treat each coat as a separate application, allowing a specified drying time
before inspecting each completed coat.

SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

Aramco Standards:

1. SAES-H-001- Coating Selection and Application Requirements for Industrial

Plants and Equipment
2. SAES-H-002-Internal and External Coatings for Steel Pipelines and Piping
3. SAES-H-002V-Approved Saudi Aramco Data Sheets for Pipeline and Piping
Coatings
4. SAES-H-004-Protective Coating Selection and Application Requirements for
Offshore Structures and Facilities
5. SAES-H-101V-Approved Saudi Aramco Data Sheets -Paints and Coatings
6. SAES-H-201-General Specifications for External and Internal Coatings of
Pipeline Field Girth Welds

International Codes and Standards:

ASTM
1. ASTM A380-Standard practice for cleaning, descaling, and passivation of
stainless-steel parts, equipment, and systems
2. ASTM B117-Standard practice for operating salt spray (fog) apparatus
3. ASTM C109-Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement
mortars (using 2-in. or [50 mm] cube specimens)
4. ASTM D149-Standard test method for dielectric breakdown voltage and dielectric
strength of solid electrical insulating materials at commercial power frequencies
5. ASTM D2240-Standard test method for rubber property - durometer hardness
6. ASTM D2583-Standard practice for generation of environmental data related to
waste management activities: quality assurance and quality control planning and
implementation
7. ASTM D4060-Standard test method for abrasion resistance of organic coatings
by the taber abraser
8. ASTM D4228-Standard practice for qualification of coating applicators for
application of coatings to steel surfaces
9. ASTM D4285-Standard test method for indicating oil or water in compressed air
10. ASTM D4541-Standard test method for pull-off strength of coatings using
portable adhesion testers
11. ASTM D4752-Standard practice for measuring MEK resistance of ethyl silicate
(inorganic) zinc-rich primers by solvent rub
12. ASTM D4940-Standard test method for conductimetric analysis of water-soluble
ionic contamination of blast cleaning abrasives
13. ASTM D5064-Standard practice for conducting a patch test to assess coating
compatibility
SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED
GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

14. ASTM D5162-Standard practice for discontinuity (holiday) testing of

nonconductive protective coating on metallic substrates
15. ASTM D520-Standard specification for zinc dust pigment
16. ASTM D5894-Standard practice for cyclic salt fog / UV exposure of painted
metal, (alternating exposures in a fog / dry cabinet and a UV / condensation
cabinet)
17. ASTM D6677-Standard test method for evaluating adhesion by knife
18. ASTM E337-Standard test method for measuring humidity with a psychrometer
(the measurement of wet- and dry-bulb temperatures)
19. ASTM G14-Standard test method for impact resistance of pipeline coatings
(falling weight test)
20. ASTM G42-Standard test method for cathodic disbonding of pipeline coatings
subjected to elevated temperatures
21. ASTM G8-Standard test methods for cathodic disbonding of pipeline coatings
BS
BS 1710-Specification for identification of pipelines and services
ISO
1. ISO 11124-(Parts 1 to 4)-Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products - Specifications for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives
2. ISO 11125 (All Parts)-Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints
and related products - Test methods for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives
3. ISO 11126 (All Parts)-Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints
and related products - Specifications for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives
4. ISO 11127 (All Parts)-Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints
and related products - Test methods for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives
5. ISO 12944 (All Parts)-Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel
structures by protective paint systems
6. ISO 14918 Thermal spraying - Qualification testing of thermal sprayers
7. ISO 1524-Paints, varnishes and printing inks - Determination of fineness of grind
8. ISO 15741-Paints and varnishes - Friction-reduction coatings for the interior of on
and offshore steel pipelines for non-corrosive gases
9. ISO 19840-Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by
protective paint systems - Measurement of, and acceptance criteria for,the
thickness of dry films on rough surfaces
10. ISO 2409-Paints and varnishes - Cross-cut test
11. ISO 2431-Paints and varnishes - Determination of flow time by use of flow cups
12. ISO 2808-Paints and varnishes - Determination of film thickness
13. ISO 2811 (All Parts)-Paints and varnishes - Determination of density

SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

14. ISO 2812-1 Paints and varnishes - Determination of resistance to liquids - Part 1:
Immersion in liquids other than water
15. ISO 2812-2-Paints and varnishes - Determination of resistance to liquids - Part 2:
Water immersion method
16. ISO 2815-Paints and varnishes - Buchholz indentation test
17. ISO 3233 (All Parts)-Paints and varnishes - Determination of the percentage
volume of nonvolatile matter
18. ISO 3251-Paints, varnishes and plastics - Determination of non-volatile-matter
content
19. ISO 3679-Determination of flash no-flash and flash point - Rapid equilibrium
closed cup method
20. ISO 4287-Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Profile
method - Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters
21. ISO 4624-Paints and varnishes - Pull-off test for adhesion
22. ISO 4628 (Parts 1 to 6)-Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of
coatings - Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform
changes in appearance
23. ISO 6743-4-Lubricants, industrial oils and related products (class L) -
Classification -Part 4: Family H (Hydraulic systems)
24. ISO 6860-Paints and varnishes - Bend test (conical mandrel)
25. ISO 8501-1-Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and
related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 1: Rust grades
and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after
overall removal of previous coatings
26. ISO 8501-2 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and
related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 2: Preparation
grades of previously coated steel substrates after localized removal of previous
coatings
27. ISO 8501-3-Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and
related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 3: Preparation
grades of welds, edges and other areas with surface imperfections
28. ISO 8502 (Parts 1 to 6 & 9)-Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products - Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness
29. ISO 8503 (All Parts)-Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints
and related products - Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel
substrates
30. ISO 8504 (All Parts)-Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints
and related products - Surface preparation methods

SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

GENERIC SHORT NOTES ON PAINTING-YASHIK AHAMMED

(ASTM, ISO AND SSPC STANDARD REFERENCE)

31. ISO 9117-3 Paints and varnishes - Drying tests - Part 3: Surface-drying test
using ballotini
32. ISO 9227-Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres - Salt spray tests
SSPC
1. SSPC Paint 20 Zinc-Rich Coating Inorganic and Organic
2. SSPC-AB 1 Mineral and slag abrasives
3. SSPC-AB 3 Ferrous metallic abrasives
4. SSPC-AB 4 Recyclable encapsulated abrasive media (in a compressible cellular
matrix)
5. SSPC-CS 23.00 /AWS C2.23M / NACE No. 12-Specification for the application of
thermal spray coatings (metallizing) of aluminium, zinc, and their alloys and
composites for the corrosion protection of steel
6. SSPC-Guide 12 Guide for illumination of industrial painting projects
7. SSPC-PA 2 Procedure for determining conformance to dry coating thickness
requirements
8. SSPC-QP 1 Standard procedure for evaluating the qualifications of industrial /
machine painting contractors (field application to complex industrial and machine
steel structures)
9. SSPC-QP 3 / AISC 420 Certification standard for shop application of complex
protective coating systems
10. SSPC-SP 1 Solvent cleaning
11. SSPC-SP 10 / NACE No. 2 Near-white metal blast cleaning
12. SSPC-SP 11 Power tool cleaning to Barge metal
13. SSPC-SP 16 Brush-off blast cleaning of coated and uncoated galvanized steel,
stainless steels, and non-ferrous metals
14. SSPC-SP 5 / NACE No. 1 White metal blast cleaning
15. SSPC-SP 7 / NACE No. 4 Brush-off blast cleaning
16. SSPC-TR 3 / NACE 6A192 Dehumidification and temperature control during
surface preparation, application, and curing for coatings / linings of steel tanks,
vessels, and other enclosed spaces
17. SSPC-VIS 1Guide and reference photographs for steel surfaces prepared by dry
abrasive blast cleaning
18. SSPC-VIS 3Guide and reference photographs for steel surfaces prepared by
hand and power tool cleaning

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