TOPIC - MATRICES

PRESENTED TO PRESENTED BY

Simmi Mittal
Dr. Minakshi Mam Rakhi Yadav
Sourabh Rathor
Krishna Prajapati
Avnish jha
1st
LINEAR ALGEBRA
S
E

MATRICES
M

Rank of Matrix , Echelon form , Normal form of matrix , Solution of simultaneous

equation by elementary transformation , consistency of equation

Matrix
Defination :- Matrix is an arrangement of number into
Raws and columns. The number are called the
elements or entries of matrix

Eg. 4 2
8 4
2x2
|A| = 2(-9+8)-1(0+4)+(-1)x(-6)
Rank of matrix
Defination :- Rank of matrix is defined as the number
of non-zero rows in i.e = Rank
given matrix< .2

i.e Rank = number of non-zero rows

3 -2
Let we take order of minor ‘2’ =
4 -3
Methods to find Rank of matrix
1. Minor Method
2. Echelon form
3. Normal form ( Canonical form )
1st
LINEAR ALGEBRA
S
E

MATRICES
M

Rank of Matrix , Echelon form , Normal form of matrix , Solution of simultaneous

equation by elementary transformation , consistency of equation

Minor Method

2 1 -1
Find rank of matrix A = 0 3 -2

2 4 -3
3x3
|A| = 2(-9+8)-1(0+4)+(-1)x(-6)
= -2-4+6
|A| = 0 i.e = Rank < 2
3 -2
Let we take order of minor ‘2’ = =0
4 -3

Hence , Rank = 2
1st
LINEAR ALGEBRA
S
E

MATRICES
M

Rank of Matrix , Echelon form , Normal form of matrix , Solution of simultaneous

equation by elementary transformation , consistency of equation

Echelon Form

 There are three Types of elementary

transformation :
1. Row Transformation
2. Scalor Multiplication
3. Add Scalor no. in Matrix
 Rank of Matrix by Echelon form of
Matrix :
1 2 3

0 3 4 This is Echelon Form

0 0 5
1st
LINEAR ALGEBRA
S
E

MATRICES
M

Rank of Matrix , Echelon form , Normal form of matrix , Solution of simultaneous

equation by elementary transformation , consistency of equation

Find Rank by Echelon form of matrix ?

1 2 3
A= 1 4 2
2 6 5
R2 R2 - R1 , R3 R3 - 2R1
1 2 3
A= 0 2 -1
0 2 -1
R2 R 3 – R2

1 2 3

0 2 -1

0 0 0
Rank = No. of non-zero Rows
Rank = 2
1st
LINEAR ALGEBRA
S
E

MATRICES
M

Rank of Matrix , Echelon form , Normal form of matrix , Solution of simultaneous

equation by elementary transformation , consistency of equation

Normal form
Normal Form of Matrix ( Canonical Form)
Ir 0 1 0 0
0 0 or 0 1 0
0 0 1

Reduce A matrix to its normal form and also find rank.

1 2 3 C2 C2 – 2C1,C3 C3 – 3C1
A= 1 4 2 1 0 0
2 6 5 A= 0 2 -1
R2 R2 - R1 , R3 R3 - 2R1 0 0 0
1 2 3
A= 0 2 -1 C3 2C3 – C2
0 2 -1 1 0 0
R3 R3 – R2 A= 0 2 0
0 0 0
1 2 3
A= 0 2 -1 R2 R2/2
0 0 0 1 0 0
A= 0 1 0
0 0 0
Rank = 2
1st
LINEAR ALGEBRA
S
E

MATRICES
M

Rank of Matrix , Echelon form , Normal form of matrix , Solution of simultaneous

equation by elementary transformation , consistency of equation

Consistency
1. If solution exist then system of linear equation is consistent
2. Rank of matrix is equal to the rank of augmented matrix
i.e, Rank A = Rank [ A B ]
....

3. If system is consistent :
(a) Unique solution :
....

i.e, Rank A = Rank [ A B ] = Order

(b) Infinite many solution :
....

i.e, Rank A = Rank [ A B ] < Order

3. if solution does not exist then system of linear equation is

inconsistent

4. Rank of matrix is not equal to the rank of augmented matrix

....

/ Rank [ A B ]
i.e, Rank A =
1st
LINEAR ALGEBRA
S
E

MATRICES
M

Rank of Matrix , Echelon form , Normal form of matrix , Solution of simultaneous

equation by elementary transformation , consistency of equation

Check consistency 4x1-X2 = -12 If consistent

-x1+5x2-2x3 = 0 then find
-2x2+4x3 = -8 solution
Ax = B

4 -1 0
…………..
4 -2 0 12
A= -1 5 -2 0 30 -8 12
0 -2 4
0 -2 4 -8
C = A|B
Rank A = 3
…………..

4 -1 0 12
Rank A|B = 3
C= -1 5 4 0
0 -2 4 -8 Hence it is
R2 4R2 + R1 consistent
…………..

4 -1 0 12
0 19 -8 12 3 variable = Rank = 3
Unique solution
0 -2 4 -8
C2 2C2- c3
1st
LINEAR ALGEBRA
S
E

MATRICES
M

Rank of Matrix , Echelon form , Normal form of matrix , Solution of simultaneous

equation by elementary transformation , consistency of equation

Check consistency 2x+6y = -11

6x+20y-6z = -3
6y+-18z = -1
Ax = B

2 6 0 X -11
…………..
2 6 0 -11
6 20 -6 Y = -3 0 2 -6 30
0 6 -18 Z -1 0 0 0 -91
C = A|B
Rank A = 2
…………..

2 6 0 -11
Rank A|B = 3
C= 6 20 -6 -3
0 6 -18 -1 Hence it is
R2 R2- 3R1 inconsistent
…………..

2 6 0 -11
0 2 -6 30 No solution exist
0 6 -18 -1
R2 R2- 3R1
1st
LINEAR ALGEBRA
S
E

MATRICES
M

Rank of Matrix , Echelon form , Normal form of matrix , Solution of simultaneous

equation by elementary transformation , consistency of equation

Find consistency if consistent then find solution

x+2y-z = 1
3x-2y+2z = 2
7x-2y+3z = 5 1 2 -1 1

…………..
X 1 0 -8 5 -1
1 2 -1
3 -2 2 Y = 2 0 0 0 0
7 -2 3 Z 1 Rank A = 2
Rank A|B = 2
…………..

1 2 -1 1 5 Consistent , Infinite
C= 3 -2 2 2 many solution
7 -2 3 5 By back substitution
R2 R2 - 3R1 , R3 R3 - 7R1 We have a free variable z
Let, z = k
…………..

1 2 -1 1
-8y+5z =-1 x+2y-z =1
C = 0 -8 5 -1 -8y+5k =-1 x+2 (1+5k/8)-k=1
0 -16 10 -2 -8y =-1-5k
4x+1+5k-4k = 4
y = 1+5k/8
R3 R3 - 2R2 x=3-k/4
Let , k = 1
x= 3-1/4 = 1/2
y = 1+5/8 = 3/4
z=1
1st
LINEAR ALGEBRA
S
E

MATRICES
M

Rank of Matrix , Echelon form , Normal form of matrix , Solution of simultaneous

equation by elementary transformation , consistency of equation

Application of Matrices

1. Matrices are used to create three dimensional

graphic images.

2. Matrices and their inverse are used for a

programmer for coding.

3. In Robotics Matrices are the base elements for

Robot Movements .

4. In the field of medical , CT Scans and MRI’s Use

Matrices .

3 -2
5. In Physics Matrices are used to Study electrical
circuits. 4 -3

1. Minor Method
2. Echelon form
3. Normal form ( Canonical form )