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MCA Unit I-Rank_PPT

The document discusses the concept of the rank of a matrix, defining it as the maximum order of non-singular square sub-matrices and explaining its significance in solving linear equations. It outlines elementary transformations, equivalent matrices, and the process of reducing matrices to echelon form to determine their rank. Additionally, it provides examples and problems to illustrate the application of these concepts in finding the rank of various matrices.

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Lavanya V
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14 views

MCA Unit I-Rank_PPT

The document discusses the concept of the rank of a matrix, defining it as the maximum order of non-singular square sub-matrices and explaining its significance in solving linear equations. It outlines elementary transformations, equivalent matrices, and the process of reducing matrices to echelon form to determine their rank. Additionally, it provides examples and problems to illustrate the application of these concepts in finding the rank of various matrices.

Uploaded by

Lavanya V
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1: Matrices

Dr. Soya Mathew


Rank of a Matrix
The rank of a matrix is a unique real number associated to the given
matrix. It is a very useful and has its application in solving the system of
linear equations.

Definition:

Let 𝐴 be a non-zero matrix. The rank of 𝐴 is defined as the maximum


of the orders of the non-singular square sub-matrices of 𝐴. The rank of a
null matrix is defined as zero. The rank of the matrix is denoted as rank(𝐴)
or 𝜌(𝐴).
Elementary Transformations:
Let 𝐴 be the given matrix. An elementary transformation is either of the
following:
• Interchange of any two rows (or columns). The symbol used is 𝑅𝑖 ↔ 𝑅𝑗
or 𝐶𝑖 ↔ 𝐶𝑗 .
• Multiplication of the elements of a row (or column) by a non-zero number.
The symbol used is 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑘𝑅𝑖 or 𝐶𝑖 → 𝑘𝐶𝑖 .
• Adding to the elements of a row (or column), 𝑘 times the corresponding
elements of another row (or column) where 𝑘 is a non-zero number. The
symbol used is 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑘𝑅𝑗 or 𝐶𝑖 → 𝐶𝑖 + 𝑘𝐶𝑗 .
Equivalent Matrices:
Two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 are said to be equivalent if one matrix 𝐴 can be
obtained from the other matrix 𝐵 by performing a finite number of elementary
operations on 𝐴. It is denoted by 𝐴~𝐵.

Note:

1. Equivalent matrices have same rank.

2. Rank of a matrix does not alter by interchanging any two rows of the matrix.

3. Rank of a matrix does not alter by multiplying elements of a row by a non-zero


scalar.

4. Rank of a matrix and the rank of its transpose are same.


Echelon Form:
A matrix is said to be in the echelon form if the number of zeros before
the first non-zero element in a row is less than the number of such zeros in the
next row.
Steps to reduce to echelon form
• Make the leading element (first non-zero entry) of each row as unity.
• Make all the entries below this leading entry as zero.
• The number of zeros appearing below the leading entry in each row is greater
than that appears in its previous row.
• The zero rows must appears below the non – zero rows.
Finding the rank of a matrix using elementary transformations:
Using elementary row transformations every matrix can be reduced to echelon
form. Then the number of non – zero rows in echelon form of matrix 𝑨 is the rank
of 𝑨.

Examples:

1 0
𝐴= , Here Rank = 1
0 0

1 0
𝐴= , Here Rank = 2
0 1
1 1
𝐴= , Here Rank = 1
0 0
Problems:
1. Find the rank of the matrix A using elementary row operation where
1 2 0 1
𝐴= 3 4 1 2
−2 3 2 5
Solution:
1 2 0 1
Given 𝐴 = 3 4 1 2
−2 3 2 5

1 2 0 1
⟹ 𝐴 ~ 0 −2 1 −1 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 2𝑅1
0 7 2 7
1 2 0 1
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 −2 1 −1 , 𝑅3 → 2𝑅3 + 7𝑅2
0 0 11 7

1 2 0 1
1 1
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 1 − 1Τ2 1Τ2 , 𝑅2 → − 𝑅2
2
, 𝑅3 →
11
𝑅3
0 0 1 7Τ11

⟹ 𝜌 𝐴 =3
Problems:
2. Find the rank of the matrix A using elementary row operation where
1 0 2
𝐴= 0 1 −2
1 −1 4
2 2 8
Solution:
1 0 2
Given 𝐴 = 0 1 −2
1 −1 4
2 2 8
1 0 2
⟹ 𝐴 ~ 0 1 −2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 2𝑅1
0 −1 2
0 2 4
1 0 2
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 1 −2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 2𝑅2
0 0 0
0 0 8
1 0 2
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 1 −2 , 𝑅 ⟷ 𝑅
3 4
0 0 8
0 0 0
⟹ 𝜌 𝐴 =3
Problems:
3. Find the rank of the matrix A using elementary row operation where
0 1 2
𝐴= 1 2 3
3 2 1
Solution:
0 1 2
Given 𝐴 = 1 2 3
3 2 1

1 2 3
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 1 2 , 𝑅1 ⟷ 𝑅2
3 2 1
1 2 3
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 1 2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
0 −4 −8

1 2 3
1
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 1 2 , 𝑅3 → − 𝑅3
4
0 1 2

1 2 3
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 1 2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
0 0 0

⟹ 𝜌 𝐴 =2
Problems:
1 −2 3 1
4. Determine the value of 𝑘 if the rank of 2 3 1 1 is 2
4 −1 7 3
5 4 5 𝑘

Solution:
1 −2 3 1
Let 𝐴 = 2 3 1 1
4 −1 7 3
5 4 5 𝑘

1 −2 3 1
⟹ 𝐴 ~ 0 7 −5 −1 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 4𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 5𝑅1
0 7 −5 −1
0 14 −10 𝑘 − 5
1 −2 3 1
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 7 −5 −1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 2𝑅2
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 𝑘−3
For rank to be 2, all the third and fourth row elements should be zeros. Then

𝑘−3=0

⟹ 𝑘=3
Problems:
5. Find the value of 𝑎 in order that the rank of the matrix is 3 where
1 1 −1 0
A= 4 4 −3 1
𝑎 2 2 2
9 9 𝑎 3
Solution:
1 1 −1 0
Given 𝐴 = 4 4 − 3 1
𝑎 2 2 2
9 9 𝑎 3

1 1 −1 0
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 0 1 1 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑎𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 9𝑅1
0 2−𝑎 2+𝑎 2
0 0 𝑎+9 3
1 1 −1 0
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 2−𝑎 2+𝑎 2 , 𝑅 ⟷𝑅
2 3
0 0 1 1
0 0 𝑎+9 3

1 1 −1 0
⟹ 𝐴~ 0 2−𝑎 2+𝑎 2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − (𝑎 + 9)𝑅2
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 −𝑎−6

For rank to be 3, all the fourth row elements should be zeros. Then

−a − 6 = 0

⟹ 𝑎 = −6

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