VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS)
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Kacharam, Shamshabad, Hyderabad – 501218, Telangana, India

A8001 – MATRICES AND CALCULUS

Unit-I -Theory of Matrices
Rank of a matrix by reducing to Echelon form and Normal from
Submatrix: Submatrix of a matrix A is any matrix obtained from A by omitting some rows and
columns in A .

 2 1 3 4 
 
Example. Let A  6 2 7 8 be a given matrix of order 3  4
 
1 0 5 3 

6 2 7 8
Deleting the 1st row of A, we get the sub matrix  
1 0 5 3 
 1 3 4 

Deleting the 1st column of A, we get the sub matrix 2 7 8

 
 0 5 3 

 2 1

Deleting the 3rd and 4th columns of A, we get the sub matrix 6 2

 
1 0 

Note: Matrix A itself is a submatrix of A .

Minor of a matrix: The determinant of a square submatrix of a given matrix is called its minor. If the
order of the square submatrix is r then the corresponding minor is called a “minor of order r ”.

 2 1 3 4 
 
Example. Let A  6 2 7 8 be a given matrix of order 3  4
 
1 0 5 3 

1 3 4 2 3 4 2 1 4 2 1 3
2 7 8 , 6 7 8 , 6 2 8 , 6 2 7 are minors of order 3
0 5 3 1 5 3 1 0 3 1 0 5

2 3 2 1 2 7
, , ...etc. are minors of order 2
6 7 6 2 0 5
Each element of A can be regarded as a minor of order 1
A does not have a minor of order 4 as it does not have a 4  4 submatrix.

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 1 of 20

Rank of a matrix: A positive integer r is said to be rank of a non zero matrix A of order m  n if
i) it has at least one non zero minor of order r
and ii) every minor of order higher than r is zero.
The rank of the matrix A is denoted by  ( A)
Note: 1) If A ~ B then  ( A)   ( B )

2) Rank of A and its transpose is the same i.e.  ( A)   ( AT )

3) Rank of a null matrix is zero
4) Rank of a non-singular square matrix of order r is r
5) If A is a square matrix of order n and  ( A)  n then A  0 i.e., A is singular.

6) If A is a matrix of order m  n, then  ( A)  min( m, n )

7) Rank of the identity matrix I n is n

Zero row and non-zero row: If all the elements in a row of a matrix are zeros, then it is called a zero
row and if there is at least one non-zero element in a row then it is called a non-zero row.
Row reduced Echelon form of a matrix:
A matrix is said to be in echelon form if it satisfies the following conditions
i) Zero rows, if any, must be below the non-zero row
and ii) The number of zeros before the first non-zero element in a row is less than the number of
such zeros in the next row.
Note: 1) The number of non-zero rows in echelon form is the rank.
2) Use elementary row operations only to reduce the matrix to echelon form.
3) Elementary transformations do not alter (effect) the order and rank of a matrix.
1 2 3 0
2 4 3 2 
Example. Reduce the matrix A   into echelon form and hence find its rank.
3 2 1 3
 
6 8 7 5

1 2 3 0
2 4 3 2 
Solution. Given A  
3 2 1 3
 
6 8 7 5

1 2 3 0
 0 0 3 2 
Applying R2  R2  2 R1 , R3  R3  3R1 and R4  R4  6 R1 , A ~ 
 0 4 8 3
 
 0 4 11 5

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 2 of 20

1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 
 0 4 8   0 4 8 3 
3
Applying R2  R3 , A ~   Applying R4  R4  R2 , A ~  
 0 0 3 2  0 0 3 2 
   
 0 4 11 5  0 0 3 2 
1 2 3 0 
 0 4 8 3 
Applying R4  R4  R3 , A ~   which is in echelon form.
 0 0 3 2 
 
0 0 0 0 
  ( A)  The number of non-zero rows  3

2 3 4 5 
3 4 5 6 
Example. Reduce the matrix A    in to echelon form and hence find its rank.
4 5 6 7 
 
9 10 11 12 
2 3 4 5 
3 4 5 6 
Solution. Given A   
4 5 6 7 
 
9 10 11 12 
2 3 4 5 
 0 1 2 3 
Applying R2  2 R2  3R1 , R3  R3  2 R1 and R4  2 R4  9 R1 , A ~  
 0 1 2 3 
 
 0 7 14 21
2 3 4 5 
 0 1 2 3 
Applying R3  R3  R2 and R4  R4  7 R2 , A ~   which is in echelon form.
0 0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 0 
  ( A)  The number of non-zero rows  2

1 3 4 3
 
Example. Reduce the matrix A  3 9 12 3 in to echelon form and hence find its rank.
 
1 3 4 1

1 3 4 3 

Solution. Applying R2  R2  3R1 and R3  R3  R1 , A ~ 0 0 0 6

 
0 0 0 2 

1 3 4 3 
 
Applying R3  3R3  R2 , we get A ~ 0 0 0 6 which is in echelon form.
 
0 0 0 0 

  ( A)  The number of non-zero rows  2

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 3 of 20
Normal form of a matrix: Every non-zero matrix A of rank r can be reduced by a sequence of
I  I 0
elementary transformations, to one of the forms I r ,  I r 0 ,  r  ,  r
0 
is called the normal form
0 0
of A , where I r is an identity matrix of order r.

Note: Use elementary row and column operations to reduce the matrix to normal form.
 2 3 1 1 
 1 1 2 4 
Example. Reduce the matrix A   in to normal form and hence find its rank.
3 1 3 2 
 
6 3 0 7 

 2 3 1 1   1 1 2 4 
 1 1 2 
4   2 3 1 1 
Solution. Given A   Applying R1  R2 , A ~  
3 1 3 2   3 1 3 2 
   
6 3 0 7   6 3 0 7 
1 1 2 4 
0 5 3 7 
Applying R2  R2  2 R1 , R3  R3  3R1 and R4  R4  6 R1 , A ~  
 0 4 9 10 
 
 0 9 12 17 
1 0 0 0
0 5 3 7 
Applying C2  C2  C1 , C3  C3  2C1 and C4  C4  4C1 , A ~ 
0 4 9 10 
 
0 9 12 17 

1 0 0 0
0 1 6 3
Applying R2  R2  R3 , A ~ 
0 4 9 10 
 
0 9 12 17 

1 0 0
0
0 1 6 3
Applying R3  R3  4 R2 and R4  R4  9 R2 , A ~ 
0 0 33 22 
 
0 0 66 44 

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 
Applying C3  C3  6C2 and C4  C4  3C2 , A ~ 
0 0 33 22 
 
0 0 66 44 

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 4 of 20

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 
C3 C4
Applying C3  and C4  , A~
33 22 0 0 1 1
 
0 0 1 1

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 
Applying R4  R4  R3 , A ~ 
0 0 1 1
 
0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0   I 3 0
Applying C4  C4  C3 , A ~   which is in normal form.
0 0 1 0   0 0 
 
0 0 0 0
  ( A)  3

 8 1 3 6

Example. Reduce the matrix A  0 3 2 2  in to normal form and hence find its rank.

 8 1 3 4 
 8 1 3 6  1 8 3 6

Solution. Given A  0 3 2 2  Applying C1  C2 , A   3 0 2 2 


 8 1 3 4   1 8 3 4 

1 8 3 6 

Applying R2  R2  3R1 and R3  R3  R1 , A  0 24 7 16

 
0 0 0 10 

1 0 0 0 

Applying C2  C2  8C1 , C3  C3  3C1 and C4  C4  6C1 , A  0 24 7 16

 
0 0 0 10 

1 0 0 0 
, A  0 1 7 16 

C2
Applying C2 
24
0 0 0 10 

1 0 0 0 

Applying C3  C3  7C2 and C4  C4  16C2 , A  0 1 0 0

 
0 0 0 10

1 0 0 0  1 0 0 0 
, A  0 1 0 0 , Applying C3  C4 , A ~ 0 1 0 0    I 3
 
C4
Applying C4  0
10
0 0 0 1  0 0 1 0 

Which is in normal form.   ( A)  3

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 5 of 20
Exercise
1. Reduce the following matrices to echelon form and hence find its rank
 1 1 1 1  0 1 3 1  1 2 2 3  1 2 1 2
 1 1 3 3 1 0 1 1   2 5 4 6  1 3 2 2 
a)   b)  c)   d) 
1 0 1 2 3 1 0 2  1 3 2 2  2 4 3 4
       
 1 1 3 3  1 1 2 0   2 4 1 6  3 7 4 6

 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 2 0 1 0 
0 11 5 3  2 1 4 5  4 1 0 5 
e)  f)  g) 
 2 5 3 1 1 5 5 7 0 1 3 6
     
4 1 1 5 8 1 14 17  6 1 2 6 

1 2 3 

2. Find the value(s) of k such that the rank of A  2 k 7 is 2

 
 3 6 10 

1 1 1 0 
4 4 3 1 
3. Determine the value(s) of p such that the rank of A   is 3
p 2 2 2
 
9 9 p 3
4. Reduce the following matrices to normal form and hence find its rank
 1 2 1 4  1 1 1 1 
 2 1 3 6 2 4 3 4  1 2 3 4 

a) 3 3 1 2  b)   c)  
 1 2 3 4  2 3 5 5 
1 1 1 2     
 1 2 6 7   3 4 5 8 
2 1 3 4  1 1 2 3
0  1 2 1 3 
3 4 1  
4 1 0 2 
d)  e) 2
 4 4 7  f) 
2 3 7 5 0 3 0 4
   1 2 1 2   
2 5 11 6 0 1 0 2

Answers:
1. a) 2 b) 2 c) 4 d) 3 e) 2 f) 2 g) 4
2. k  4
3. p  2 ,  6

4. a) 3 b) 3 c) 4 d) 3 e) 2 f) 4

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 6 of 20

Inverse of a matrix using Gauss-Jordan Method:
Suppose A is a non-singular matrix of order n.
Write A  I n A.

Apply elementary row operations only on the matrix A and the pre-factor I n of the R.H.S.

Repeat the procedure until the form I n  BA  A1  B is obtained.

1 2 3

Example. Find the inverse of the matrix A  0 2 0
 
 0 0 3 

1 2 3
Solution. Given A   0 2 0
 
 0 0 3 

Write A  I 3 A

 1  2  3  1 0 0 
0 2 0   0 1 0  A
   
0 0 3  0 0 1 

1 0 0  1 1 1 
Applying R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R1 ,  0 2 0    0 1 0  A
   
0 0 3  0 0 1 

1 0 0  1 1 1 
R3 
0 1 0  0 1/ 2 0  A is in the form of I 3  BA
 
R2
Applying and
2 3    
0 0 1  0 0 1 / 3

1 1 1 
Hence A1  B   0 1 / 2 0 
 
0 0 1/ 3

Exercise
Find the inverse of following matrices:

1 1 3 0 1 2  2 1 1  1 2 2 
1.  1 3 3  
2. 1 2 3
 
3. 0 2 1
 
4. 2 1 2

       
 2 4 4   3 1 1   5 2 3  2 2 1

Answers:

 3 1 3/ 2   1 1 1   8 1 3  1 2 2 

1. 5 / 4 1 / 4 3 / 4 2.
 1  
1 6 2 3. 5 1 2  4.
1
2 1 2 
  2     9  
 1 / 4 1 / 4 1 / 4   5 3 1  10 1 4   2 2 1

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 7 of 20

Solution of system of non-homogeneous equations
System of linear algebraic equations
Consider the system of m linear equations in n -unknowns x1 , x2 , ..., xn is

a11 x1  a12 x2  a13 x3  ...  a1n xn  b1

a21 x1  a22 x2  a23 x3  ...  a2n xn  b2
......................................................
am1 x1  am 2 x2  am3 x3  ...  amn xn  bm
The matrix representation of above system is AX  B
(1)

 a11 a12 ... a1n   x1   b1 

a a22 
... a2 n   x2  b 
Where A   21 , X  B 2
 ... ... ... ...   ...   ... 
     
 am1 am 2 ... amn   xn  bm 
A is the coefficient matrix, X is the column variable matrix and B is the column constant matrix.
The system AX  B is said to be
 Non-Homogeneous if B  0 i.e., at least one of b1 , b2 , ..., bm is non-zero.

 Homogeneous if B  0 i.e., b1 , b2 , ..., bm all are zero.

 Augmented matrix of the system (1) is denoted by [ A / B] and defined as

 a11 a12 ... a1n b1 

a a ... a2n b2 
 A / B    ...21 ...22 ... ... ... 
 
 am1 am 2 ... amn bm 
Conditions for consistency of non-homogeneous linear system of equations:
Consider the non-homogeneous system AX  B
1) If  ( A)   ( A / B)  r  n (number of unknowns) then the system AX  B is consistent and
has unique solution.
2) If  ( A)   ( A / B)  r  n (number of unknowns) then the system AX  B is consistent and

has an infinite number of solutions in terms (n  r ) arbitrary constants.

3) If  ( A)   ( A / B) then the system AX  B is inconsistent i.e. it has no solution at all.

Procedure to find the solution of linear system non-homogeneous equations:
1) Write the given system in the form AX  B
2) Write the augmented matrix [ A / B]
3) Reduce the augmented matrix to echelon form and then solve for the unknowns by back
substitution.

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 8 of 20

Example.1. Test for consistency of x  y  z  1, x  y  2 z  1, x  y  2 z  5, 2 x  2 y  3 z  1 .
Solution. The matrix representation of given system is AX  B
1 1 1  1 
 1 1 2   x   
Where A  , X   y  , B  1 
 1 1 2    5 
   z   
 2 2 3  1 
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 1
The augmented matrix is  A / B   
1 1 2 5
 
 2 2 3 1

1 1 1 1 
 0 2 1 0 
Applying R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R1 and R4  R4  2 R1 ,  A / B  ~  
 0 2 1 4 
 
0 4 1 1
1 1 1 1 
0 2 1 0 
Applying R3  R3  R2 and R4  R4  2 R2 ,  A / B  ~  
0 0 0 4 
 
0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 
0 2 1 0 
Applying R3  R4 ,  A / B  ~   which is in echelon form
0 0 1 1
 
0 0 0 4 
  ( A)  3 and  ( A / B )  4   ( A)   ( A / B )
 The given system of equations is inconsistent, and it has no solution.
Example.2. Test for consistency of equations and solve if consistent; x  2 y  3t  2,
2 x  y  z  t  4, 4 x  3 y  z  7t  8 .

Solution. The matrix representation of given system is AX  B

x 
1 2 0 3   y 2
Where A   2 1 1 1  , X    , B   4 
z 
 4 3 1 7    8 
t 
1 2 0 3 2
 
The augmented matrix is  A / B  2 1 1 1 4
4 3 1 7 8

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 9 of 20

1 2 0 3 2
 
Applying R2  R2  2 R1 and R3  R3  4 R1 ,  A / B ~ 0 5 1 5 0
.
0 5 1 5 0

1 2 0 3 2
 
Applying R3  R3  R2 ,  A / B ~ 0 5 1 5 0 which is in echelon form.
0 0 0 0 0

  ( A)   ( A / B )  r  2  3 (Number of unknowns)
 The given system of equations is consistent, and it has an infinite number of solutions in terms
n  r  4  2  2 arbitrary constants.
x
 1 2 0 3     2 
  y
From echelon form, the given system can be written as 0 5 1 5    0
 
  z  
0 0 0 0     0 
t 
 x  2 y  3t  2 … (1)

5 y  z  5t  0 … (2)

Let z  k1 and t  k 2 , From equation (2), we get 5 y  k1  5k2  0  y  15 (k1  5k2 )

From equation (1), we get x  52  k1  5k2   3k2  2  x  51 (10  2k1  5k2 )

 x   15 (10  2k1  5k2 ) 

 y   1  k  5k 
    5  2 
 The solution of given system is 1
where k1 , k2 are arbitrary constants.
z   k1 
   
t   k2 
Example.3. For what values of  the equations x  y  z  1 , 2 x  y  4 z   , 4 x  y  10 z  
2

have a solution and solve them completely in each case .

Solution. The matrix representation of given system is AX  B

1 1 1  x  1
Where A   2 1 4  , X   y  , B    
   
 4 1 10  z    2 

1 1 1 1 
 
The augmented matrix is  A / B  2 1 4  
4 1 10  2 

1 1 1 1 
 
Applying R2  R2  2 R1 and R3  R3  4 R1 ,  A / B  ~ 0 1 2   2 
.
0 3 6  2  4

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 10 of 20

1 1 1 1 
   2 
Applying R 3  R 3  3 R 2 ,  A / B ~ 0 1 2
0 0 0  2  3  2

Which is in echelon form and   A  2

If the given system has a solution, then   A    A / B   2

This is possible when  2  3  2  0    1, 2

Case (i): Solution when   1

1 1 1 1 
 
Put   1 in echelon form of  A / B  , we get  A / B ~ 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 0 

1 1 1   x   1 
    
It can be written as 0 1 2 y  1
    
0 0 0   z   0 
 x  y  z 1 (1)

 y  2 z  1 (2)
Let z  k , From equation (2), we get  y  2 k  1  y  1  2 k

From equation (1), we get x  1  2 k  k  1  x  3k

 3k 
 The solution of given system is   1 is X  1  2k  where k is an arbitrary constant.
 
 k 

Case (ii): Solution when   2

1 1 1 1 
 
Put   2 in echelon form of  A / B  , we get  A / B ~ 0 1 2 0
0 0 0 0

1 1 1   x  1 
    
It can be written as 0 1 2 y  0
    
0 0 0   z  0 

 x  y  z 1 (1)
 y  2z  0 (2)
Let z  k ,From equation (2), we get  y  2k  0  y  2k

From equation (1), we get x  2k  k  1  x  1  3k

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 11 of 20

1  3k 
 The solution of given system is   2 is X   2k  where k is an arbitrary constant.
 
 k 

Exercise
1. Test for the consistency and solve 2 x  3 y  7 z  5, 3 x  y  3 z  13, 2 x  19 y  47 z  32.
2. Investigate for consistency of the following equations and if possible, find the solutions;
x  2 y  z  3, 2 x  3 y  2 z  5, 3 x  5 y  5 z  2, 3 x  9 y  z  4 .

 2 1 1  x   4 
    
3. Solve the system of equations 1 1 2 y  2
    
 1 2 1  z   2 

4. Test for the consistency and solve 5 x  3 y  7 z  4, 3 x  26 y  2 z  9, 7 x  2 y  10 z  5.

5. Investigate for what values of  and  the simultaneous equations x  y  z  6, x  2 y  3 z  10,
x  2 y   z   have (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite no. of solutions.
6. Find the values of a, b for which the equations x  ay  z  3, x  2 y  2 z  b , x  5 y  3z  9
are consistent. When will these equations have a unique solution?
7. Show that the equations 3 x  4 y  5 z  a, 4 x  5 y  6 z  b, 5 x  6 y  7 z  c do not have a

solution unless a  c  2b.

8. Solve 2 x  y  z  4, 3 x  y  z  6, 4 x  y  2 z  7,  x  y  z  9 .
9. Show that the system of equations x  2 y  z  3, 3 x  y  2 z  1, 2 x  2 y  3 z  2,

x  y  z  1 is consistent and solve them.

10. For what values of the parameter  will the following equations fails to have solution
3 x  y   z  1, 2 x  y  z  2, x  2 y   z  1 ?
11. Solve x  y  z  6, x  2 y  3 z  14, x  4 y  7 z  30 .
12. Find the values of p , q so that the equations 2 x  3 y  5 z  9, 7 x  3 y  2 z  8,

2 x  3 y  pz  q have (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite no. of solutions.
Answers:
1. Inconstant 2. x  1, y  1, z  2 3. x  1, y  1, z  1

7  16k 3 k
4. x  , y , zk 5. (i)   3,   10 (ii)  3,   (iii )   3,   10 .
11 11
6. When a  1, b  6 consistent and have infinite no. of solutions and When a  1 for any b
consistent and has unique solution.
7
8. Inconsistent 9. x  1, y  4, z  4 10.  
2
11. x  k  2, y  2 k  8, z  k 12. (i) p  5, q  9 (ii) p  5, q  (iii) p  5, q  9

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 12 of 20

Solution of system of homogeneous linear equations
Consider the homogeneous system AX  0 in n unknowns x1 , x2 ,..., xn where A is

coefficient matrix and if

i)  ( A)  r  n (Number of unknowns) then the system AX  0 has a trivial solution (zero
solution).
ii)  ( A)  r  n (Number of unknowns) then the system AX  0 has an infinite number of non-

trivial solutions in terms (n  r ) arbitrary constants.

Note:
1.The homogeneous system AX  0 always has a solution Q  ( A / B )   ( A / 0)   ( A) for any A 

2. The homogeneous system AX  0 has a non-trivial solution if A  0

Example.1. Solve the system of equations x  2 y  3 z  0 , 3 x  4 y  4 z  0 , 7 x  10 y  12 z  0.

Solution. The matrix representation of given system is AX  0

1 2 3   x
Where A   3 4 4  , X   y 
 7 10 12   z 
1 2 3
Applying R2  R2  3 R1 , R3  R3  7 R1 , A ~ 0 2 5 

 
 0 4 9 
1 2 3 
 
Applying R3  R3  2 R2 , A ~ 0 2 5 , Which is in echelon form.
 
0 0 1 
Also  ( A)  3  No.of unknowns 
 The given system has a trivial solution x  0, y  0, z  0.

Example.2. Solve the equations 4 x  2 y  z  3w  0 , 6 x  8 y  4 z  7 w  0 , 2 x  y  w  0

Solution. The matrix representation of given system is AX  0,

x
4 2 1 3  y
Where A   6 3 4 7  , X   
z
 2 1 0 1   
 w
4 2 1 3 
Applying R2  2 R2  3 R1 , R3  2 R3  R1 , A ~  0 0 5 5 

 0 0 1 1

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 13 of 20

 4 2 1 3
 
Applying R3  5 R3  R2 , A ~ 0 0 5 5 which is in echelon form
 
 0 0 0 0 
Also   A   2  4  No.of unknowns 
 The given system has an infinite number of non trivial solutions in terms of 2 arbitrary constants.
 4 2 1 3  x  0 
    
The given system can be written as 0 0 5 5 y  0
    
 0 0 0 0   z  0 
 4 x  2 y  z  3w  0 ... 1
5 z  5w  0 ...  2 
Let z  k1 , y  k2
From equation (2), we get 5 z  5w  0  w   k1
k k
From equation (1), we get 4 x  2 y  z  3w  0  x  1 2
2
k1  k2 
x 
 y 
2 
 k2  where k , k are arbitrary constants.
 The solution of given system is X=     
z k1 
1 2

  
 w   k1 

Example.3. Show that the system of equations 2 x1  2 x2  x3   x1 , 2 x1  3 x2  2 x3   x2 ,

 x1  2 x2   x3 can possess a non trivial solution only if   1,   3. Obtain the general solution
in each case.

Solution. The matrix representation of given system is AX  0

2   2 1   x1 
where A   2 3   2  , X   x2 

 1 2     x3 
2 2 1
Let the given system has non-trivial solution  A  0  2 3   2 0
1 2 
1  2 1 1 2 1
Applying c1  c1  c2  c3 , 1   3   2  0  1    1 3   2  0
1  2  1 2 
1 2 1
Applying R2  R2  R1 and R3  R3  R1 , 1    0   1 1 0
0 4   1
 1      2  2  3  0    1,  3

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 14 of 20

 The given system has non-trivial solution when   1,  3
 1 2 1   x1  0 
    
Case (i): when   1, the given system becomes 2 4 2 x2  0
    
 1 2 1  x3  0 
 1 2 1   x1   0 
Applying R 2  R 2  2 R1 , R3  R3  R1 ,  0 0 0   x2    0 
    
 0 0 0   x3   0 
i.e., x1  2 x2  x3  0 . . . 1
Let x2  k1 , x3  k2
From (1), x1  2 x2  x3  0  x1  2k1  k2
 x1   2k1  k 2 
 The solution of given system is  x2    k1  , where k1 , k2 are arbitrary constants.
   
 x3   k 2 

Case (ii): When   3

 5 2 1 
Applying R2  5 R2  2 R1 , R3  5 R3  R1 , A   0 4 8 
 0 8 16 
 5 2 1 
Applying R3  R3  2 R2 , A   0 4 8  which is in echelon form.
 0 0 0 
 5 2 1   x1  0 

The given system can be written as 2 0 2   x2   0 

 1 2 3   x3  0 
 5 x1  2 x2  x3  0 ... 1
4 x2  8 x3  0 ...  2 
Let x3  k
from equation  2  , we get 4 x2  8x3  0  x2  2k
from equation 1 , we get 5x1  2 x2  x3  0  x1  k
 x1    k 
 The solution of given system is X   x2    2k  when   3, where k is an arbitrary
   
 x3   k 
constant.

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 15 of 20

Exercise
1. Solve completely the system of equations x  y  2 z  3w  0 , x  2 y  z  w  0 ,
4 x  y  5 z  8w  0 , 5 x  7 y  2 z  w  0
2. Determine b such that the system of homogeneous equations 2 x  y  2 z  0 , x  y  3 z  0 ,
4 x  3 y  bz  0 has i) trivial solution ii) non-trivial solution. Find the non-trivial solution.
3. Solve completely the system of equations 3 x  4 y  z  6 w  0, 2 x  3 y  2 z  3w  0,
2 x  y  14 z  9 w  0, x  3 y  13 z  3w  0

4. If the system ax  by  cz  0 , bx  cy  az  0 , cx  ay  bz  0 has a non trivial solution then

prove that a  b  c  0 (or) a  b  c

5. Find the values of  for which the equations (  1) x  (3  1) y  2  z  0,
(  1) x  (4  2) y  (  3) z  0, 2 x  (3  1) y  3(  1) z  0 are consistent and find ratio of
x : y : z when  has the smallest of these values what happens when  has greatest of these
values.
6. Show the only real number for which the system x  2 y  3 z   x, 3 x  y  2 z   y,
2 x  3 y  z   z has nonzero solution is 6 and solve them when   6

7. Find the values of k for which the system of equations (3k  8) x  3 y  3 z  0,

3x  (3k  8) y  3z  0, 3 x  3 y  (3k  8) z  0 has a non-trivial solution.
Answers:

1) x  k1  53 k2 , y  k1  43 k2 , z  k1 , w  k2
2) i) b  8 ii) b  8 and the non-trivial solution is x  k , y  4k , z  k

3) x  11k1  6 k2 , y  8k1  3k 2 , z  k1 , w  k2

5)   0, 3 i) For the smallest value of  i.e.,   0, x : y : z  1:1:1 ii) For the greatest value of 
i.e.,   3, the system of equations are identical.
6) x  k , y  k 2 , z  k

7) k  23 , 11
3

#1. Theory of Matrices Page 16 of 20

Gauss-Seidel Iteration Method
Consider the system equations,
a11 x1  a12 x2  a13 x3  b1 

a21 x1  a22 x2  a23 x3  b2  (1)
a31 x1  a32 x2  a33 x3  b3 
Where the diagonal coefficients are not zero and large compared to other coefficients. Such a system
is called a diagonally dominant system.
The system of equation (1) can be written as

1 
x1  b1  a12 x2  a13 x3  
a11 
1 
x2  b2  a21x1  a23 x3  (2)
a22 
1 
x3  b3  a31 x1  a31 x2  
a33 
Let the initial approximate solution be x2 (0)  x3(0)  0

I Iteration:
1
x1(1)  b1  a12 x2(0)  a13 x3(0) 
a11
1
x2(1)  b2  a21 x1(1)  a23 x3(0) 
a22 
1
x3(1)  b3  a31 x1(1)  a31 x2(1) 
a33 
The values obtained constitute the first iterates of the solution. Proceeding in the same way,
1
x1( k 1)  b1  a12 x2( k )  a13 x3( k ) 
a11 
1
x2( k 1)  b2  a21 x1( k 1)  a23 x3( k ) 
a22
1
x3( k 1)  b3  a31 x1( k 1)  a31 x2( k 1) 
a33
The iteration process is stopped when the desired order of approximation is reached, or two
successive iterations are nearly the same.
The final values of x1 , x2 , x3 so obtained constitute an approximate solution of the system (2).

Exercise
1. Use Gauss Seidel iteration method to solve the system 10 x  y  z  12 , 2 x  10 y  z  13,
2 x  2 y  10 z  14.
2. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method 8 x  3 y  2 z  20 ,

4 x  11 y  z  33, 6 x  3 y  12 z  36.
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3. Use Gauss Seidel iteration method to solve the system 20 x  y  2 z  17 , 3 x  20 y  z  18,
2 x  3 y  20 z  25.
4. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method 10 x  2 y  z  9 ,

2 x  20 y  2 z  44 , 2 x  3 y  10 z  22.
5. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method 20 x  2 y  6 z  28,

x  20 y  9 z  23, 2 x  7 y  20 z  57.
Answers
1. x  1, y  1, z  1 2. x  3, y  2, z  1 3. x  1, y  1, z  1 4. x  1, y  2, z  3
5. x  0.5149, y  2.9451, z  3.9323

Short answer Questions

S.
Unit-I (Theory of Matrices)
No.
1 2 3 
1. The rank of a matrix A  0 p 4  is 2, then find the value of p
 
1 1 1 
The necessary and sufficient condition that the system of equations AX  B is consistent
if_______
2. A)  (A/ B)   (A) B)  (A/ B)   (A)
C)  (A/ B)   (A) D) S  (A/ B)   (A)
The system AX  0 possesses a non-zero solution if and only if A is
3. A) singular matrix B) non-singular matrix
C) square matrix D) Rectangular matrix
4. Write the conditions for consistency of system of non-homogeneous linear equations
Which of the following is true?
A) If A is a singular matrix of order n then rank (A)  n
5. B) If A is a non-singular matrix of order n then rank (A) ≠ n
C) If A is a matrix of order m  n then rank (A)  min( m, n)
D) rank( A)  rank(A )
T

Determine for what value of t  the system of equations x  y  z  1,

6. x  2 y  4 z   , x  4 y  10 z   2 have a solution
A)   2,   3 B)   1,   3 C)   2,   1 D)   3,   3

If A is a non-zero row matrix and B is a non-zero column matrix, then the rank of AB is
7. A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
Which of the following is false?
A) The non-homogeneous system of equations is always consistent
8. B) The homogeneous system of equations is always Consistent
C) The system AX  B is said to be homogeneous if B  0
D) The system AX  B is said to be non-homogeneous if B  0
Which one of the following is TRUE?
9.
A) The inverse of a matrix is need not be unique

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B) If A is a matrix of order n and A is non-singular then ρ( A) ≠ n
C) If A is a matrix of order n and A is singular then ρ( A) < n
D) Rank of matrix is not unique
Determine the values of  for the system AX  B has a solution, where the echelon form of

1 1 1 1 
10. 
augmented matrix  A | B   0 1 3   1 

0 0 0  2  3  2 

1 2 3 

Find the value of k such that the rank of 2 k 7 is 2

11.  
 3 6 10 

1 
 
If A  2 and B = 1 2 3 then  (AB) =
12.  
 3 
A) 1 B) 2 C) 0 D) 3

1 3 4 3

Find the rank of the matrix A  3 9 12 3

13.  
1 3 4 1

If the rank of coefficient matrix of 4 linear equations in 4 unknowns of the system AX  0 is 4

then the solution is
14. A) Unique solution B) Trivial solution
C) Non-trivial solution D) Infinite number of solutions

15. Define the diagonally dominant system using three equations in three unknowns.
The rank of a Unit (identity) matrix of order 4 is ________
16.
A) 2 B) 4 C) 3 D) 1
1 0 1 2 

If the matrix 0 0 2 4  is Echelon form of the given system of equations, then the

17. 0 0   3   10 
system of equations has infinite number of solutions, if
A)   3,   10 B)   8,   10 C)   8,   10 D)   3,   10
The rank of a matrix in Echelon form is equal to ____
18. A) Number of non-zero columns B) Number of non-zero rows
C) Number of diagonal elements D) Number of non-zero elements
1 1 0 1 
 
If A  2 3 5 2 then rank of A cannot exceed
19.  
 3 4 6 8 
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 1
AX=B is a system of n non-homogeneous equations such that  (A/ B)   (A)  n then the system
20. has
A) No solution B) a unique solution C) Infinitely many solutions D) Trivial solution
The rank of a singular matrix of order 3 is
21.
A) 3 B)  3 C)  2 D) 2

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T
22. If the rank of a matrix A is 2, then the rank of A is
A) 2 B) 1 C) 3 D) 0
If A is a non-zero row matrix of order 1 n and B is a non-zero column matrix of order n  1 then
23. the rank of AB is
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) n
1 3
24. Find the inverse of A  by Gauss-Jordan method
2 7 
if the system of equations x  ay  0 and ax  y  0 has infinite number of solutions, then the value
25. of a is
A) 0 B) 1 C) -1 D) both B and C

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