UNIT — |: Matrices and Linear Systems RANK OF MATRIX (BY REDUCING INTO ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATION, ECHELON AND CHAPTER NORMAL FORMS) 1.4 RANK OF A MATRIX The rank of a matrix is said to be r if (@) It has at least one non-zero minor of order r (6) Every minor of A of order higher than ris zero. Note: (/) Non-zero row is that row in which all the elements are not zero. (i) The rank of a matrix is equal to the number of non-zero row of a matrix in Echelon form, (iii) The rank of the product matrix AB of two matrices A and B is less than the rank of either of the matrices 4 and B. (iv) Corresponding to every matrix A of rank r, there ex such that PAQ = (i 4 1.2. ECHELON FORM OF A MATRIX non-singular matrices P and Q A matrix A = (a), i8'said to be in ECHELON FORM if (i) All non zero rows, if any preceds the zero rows. (ii) The number of zero preceding the first non zero element in a row less than that the number of such zeros in the succeding (or next) row. (iii) If the first non zero element in every row is unity. 13 5 20 : 0 1 0 54]. eg, the maxtrixA=| 4 4 ¢ 79 | is in the echelon form, 0000 1.3. NORMAL FORM (CANONICAL FORM) By performing elementary transformation, any non-zero matrix A can be reduced to one of the following four forms, called the Normal form of 4: Ol, GU, 0 (it) (* @) (; al ‘The number so obtained is called the rank of 4 and we write p(A) = The for io 2a 0 0 is called first canonical form of A. Since both row and column transformations may be used here, the eler first row obtained can be moved in the first column. Then both the first row fe. 1 Seared with om Scammer= Fist column can be cleared of other non-2e0 Glements. Similarly, the clement ofthe H sow can be brought into the second column, ‘and so on. y Example 1. Find the rank of the matrix. 1357 A-|3 24 1] Solution. Here, we have Tos 7 A=l 324 ‘I 13°57 “lo 19 Jel > Ra+3R, The number of non-zero row is 2, therefore Rank (4 A Example 2, Find the rank of the matrix ms, 1243 4 A=|23 7 -l 19 16 -I3 Solution. Here, we have 13 3° -¢ 4=|23 7 -l 19 16 -13 123 4 =|0 7 13 -9)R,9R,+2R, 0 7 13 -9|R;>R;-R 123-4 =|0 7 13 -9 00 0 o|R;>R;-R, Here the number of non-zero row is 2, therefore Rank (A) = 2. re Example 3. Reduce the matrix A to diagonal form (UP. I semester Dec: 200 -1 2-2 A=| 1 2.1 -1-1°2 Solution. We have, fe F ; ; bpvty 9 -1 2-2 “[0 4-1 R+R, os 4 R>R-R AD 22g =|04 1 0 0 13/4 ROR R Scorned with om ScammerRank of Matrix 3 ae =| 04 -1 a 00 1e>ORR -1 2 O]R>R+22% =| 0 4 0/R>R+R oot a2. =] 0 1 OR ook oo1 -10 0 =| 0 1 0]R+R-22% 001 loo =|0 1 o/R EDR Ans. 001 Example 5. Find the rank of the following matrix by reducing it to normal form. 12-13 ae 4121 3-1 12 1201 12-13) f1 2-1 3 : 1 21] Jo -7 6 -1}R3R,-4R, Solution. -1 12) ]o -7 4 -7/R 2-32, fo One 0 1 Aiea G9G-20G, G96,+6,63¢,-3¢, 100 oO} [1 0 0 Oo 0-76-11] Jo -7 6-1 0-74 -7/" Jo 0-2 4|R>R-% 070 =2\2 |0hso 1 2 0 0 4ep 9 0 o| ft 4 7, oof jo! 0 0\R 2-17 C72 ]o 0 _2 of jo o 1 eo RyRy » 0 oo} LP 0 0 0. Rank of A= 3- Ans. Example 6. For which value of ‘p’ the rank of the matrix et A=\0 3 2 is 2, (U.P, I Semester, 2008) b 13 10 Solution. Here, we have 15 4 A=|0 3 2 b 13 10 ans 4 elo 3 2 0 13-5b 10-4bJR3 > R3—bRy 10 0 ~lolvs 2 2(2-b) 13-5b °° A RR If rank of A is 2, then 205) snust be 2er0. ie, 2-5) ie: 22-5) | Sead = bn? ‘Ans. Example 7. Rede the matrix fo normal form and ind its rank (R.G.PY, Bhopal, I Sem. April 2009) 3 |B > R- 28, et RoR 3 Seemed witb OomScamer3 GG -26, _. 2") 40,-2G 0 I e2 0-423 a 2 G>e-Sq, 2 2 RotR, a Ry > -2Ry Ry>-R coon = oS wees Rune -2 RoR, oO Re RRR Ry Ry- Ry GC, -2C, 1 =o C9 C-3Q, “| 4 coooo ous ooo cof, eoo-ecoeoH eco-oooHoe ecooocoNne Hence its rank = 2 Example 8. Reduce the matrix A to its normal form, when 1 2-1 4 204 3 4 123 4 =i ud Gi =F Ans. Hence, find the rank of A. Solution, The given matrix is 4 = 6 -7 4 _g/BOR-2R 1 [BORK 5 3/8 ORR 0 oO _g|G72O-26 4 (2 ara 5 -3|Cr 7 Or-4G Seamed with Com Sanmer2 ooo ao hea co ooo \ o> So a t 2 noo fo o ° S, ° wooo 2 oo 0 0|R 71/5 R 10] R, 75/16 Rs 0 0 000 1 0 00 0 Soot 1 0 00 Which is the required normal form. ‘And since, the non-zero rows are 3 hence, the rank of the given matrix is 3. Example 9. Find non-singular matrices P, Q so that PAQ is a normal form where Ans. 2 1-3 -6 A=|3 -3 1 2 2 0 0 0 1 Seamel witb OomScamer. 1 vo Sal a ee a roy t aa 1 i . ttt of se 8 ea a =— Se t ost neon 7ae ef csoowz = 1 + tT gneee yes 1 t a = were gsare a a o'4 eee Viuo-o Fee 2 eee Cou Tres Tree : - co Soo Sanco 7 oC enroc FT eOre ie) 7 one S once S ee eee, elelS, Ge clots oro, = a = e SS eS cess, S = = eee aa ° Dae = ceu 8 oom COU a 1 a 1 =a a ma u =— 1 =e 6 ro fe te con ot 4 con S q H 1 1 ono ome Fone : ere ze Sore eon Soe 6 ooS S = ie i} 1 ny u S Wi Nae ase ers’ SOow ee cee ' TS = 2 3 H 2.4, | ona : iu i =a caw 1 coe ta roa ore “ N Bo 1 1 1 en coun mee fo ic ce 9, =o ono om co mee Se ee a) S ol a -|8 ' 8 ! ov 1 t = ST a 2 oae coan eee sre 1 1 eee Sean with Com Seanmer0 0 p=| -1 0 3.1 “4 28 Note. P and Q are not unique. oooe e° [3 -3 ¢ Example 10. fA = |2 -3 4}, Find 0-11 PAQ = 1. Hence find A™. Solution. Asha 3-3 4 10 0] 2-3 4}=/0 1 0/4 0-11 eh iit =. 0 0) 1 2 -3 4/=/0 o -1 1) [0 fl 0; 0 1-1 0] [100 0 -3 4/=|-2 3 0j4}o 1 0/R,>R,-2R, Oil 0 0 001 100 1-1 03 4/=|-2 3 o11 0 0 100 1-1 01 1=| 0 0 034) [-2 3 0 0} 1 =1 1 1/=| 0 0 o 1} [-2 3 00 1-1 10) 1 0.0. oa) |[-2 3 = PAO: ee TfL 20-0 = OP, A! =10°-1 1 0 o1 1 0 0] Alo -1 Oe eae 0 0 1A -3 0 1 0 alo -1 1 oom 1 00 0 -1 0/R>R-3R 9 01 0] fl oo 14]0 -1 116, >¢,-c, -3] [0 01 12100] (Pe 0: Or +2..3 -3 Scorned with om Scannerrpank of Matrix 3-4 Ans, EXERCISE 1.1 rind non singular matrices P and Q such that PQ is normal form nad non singul ans P| loo Teg) 2 |I Ans, P=|-1 1 0/,Q=|0 1 -1 0 rid o 0 1 fe el) 315 21 2 1 00 o-+ Lf . 3 1 o|,Q= 6 7 6 1 0 0-2 0 1 eit ; I o 0 0 + 7 4. Find the rank of the matrix by reducing it to normal form. — (Uttrakhand I Semester, Dec.2006) ty 0 am [> Oh 1.4 RANK OF MATRIX BY EIANGULAR: FORM anny Rank = Number of non-zero row in upper triangular matrix Note. Non-zero row Example 11. Find d that row which does not contain all the elements as zero. rank of the matrix. Scorned with om ScammerSS 2 2 1232 Solution. 2.3.5 1-/0 -1 -1 -3/R>R-2R, 1345] [0 1 1 3]R>R-R Vig23 2 [0 thd 3p Rar, 0 0 0 0 Rank = Number of non zero rows = 2. aa Example 12. Find the rank of the matrix: -} 2 3 -2 2-5 1 2 3-8 5 2 5-12 -1 6 5 : ; e : = Ry > Ry +2R, Solution. 7 i ~ £1405 3-8 5 2] | 0 -2 14 - RyRy +5R, 5-12 -1 6} [0 -2 14 -4 -1 23 -2 0-17 -2) R>R-2R 0 00 of RR -2R 0 00 0 Here the 4th order and 3rd order minors are zero. But a minor of second order 3-2 6414 =8# |; _3[=-6+4 = 840 Rank = Number of non-zero rows = 2, Ans Example 13, Find the rank of matrix 2 3-24 (UP, ISemester; Dec. 2006)Rank of Matrix W a 3 OE 2 170. 0. 0 B 8 8 o-_8 = 0 = ia - 2 4 -4/ROR-3R : BB 626-36 5 0 -F 6 ~2)R +R -3R, 9-5 6 le ageg - 2G 0 7-2 9 Ry >Re +2R, 0 7 2 9C,9G, 1 lo 0 9 i ae 10 0 0 Bob o10 0 a 2G 5 7 58 oo 8 fp = oo = Gc 13. 43 a oe B Cy B08 61 30 61 oo — 2 00 -— —lc,3c,-=—¢, 13° 13] R, > R,-7R, 1300 13) 4 "4 2 10 0 0 loo o ol oO 0 0 10; 70 3 13 -loo @-3]a+Be 5 3 O-y|a> ae 90@-3 30 61 13 oo 22 B 13 800 SSR a- Be, Beye 1000 o10 0 an ea “Joo 10} a9 00 0 0 0 1) > igyk 29 1G >Cy+ 6, ss =|, Hence, the rank of the given matrix = 4. Aus, Example 14. Use elementary trang ation to reduce the following matrix A to triangular form and hence find : we Solution. We Seamed with Com SeamerBasic Engineering Mathematics (Vol 12 ft -t -2 -4 [1 -t -2 0 5 3 ORR 2R, os 3 “To 4 9 la oR—3R 0 0 9 12 PRR -oR LO Peto e2 =a] besa 7 “lo 0 33/5) MM/S Oe 0 0 10/5] Ry > Ry ~ Ry (A) = Number of non-zero 10 = Red. Example 18. Find the rank of the matrix: Bod oh? 173d e254 9-3 77 ROR 173 Solution, ~|9 -25 -10 0 -37 -10 0-665 ~20 1 0 I 7 3 0 -25 -10 0 ROR H]y 24 5 66 pr, 8 ROKR [0 0 0 Rank = 3 Example 16. Prove that the points (x, Yh Gy Vy) and (x5 y,) are collinear if and only if soy dt J the rank of the matrix | x, is less than three. XS -4 9 0 33/5 14/5 RR 4/5 R, 0 33/5 4/5 Ry > Ry ~ 9/5 Ry An 1 -1]R) > -3R, -1]R, > R-5R -2]R, > R,-9R t -1 12 25 4 Of ROR-F% Ans. Seamed with Com SeamerGiven, the three points are colline: Hence, the condition is Sufficient com nd we have proved that the rank of matrix is less than 3. Given : The rank of the following matrix is less than 3. ad Rank of |x, yy 1) R-3R, 0 6-18: -1] [0 6 -18 : -1 te be -il -|0 2 -6 ; 30 00 0 :-91|R, > R,-3R, The rank of C is 3 and the rank of 4 is 2. Rank of 4 # Rank of C. The equations are not consistent. Ans. Example 6. Test for consistency and solve : Sx + 3y + 72 = 4, 3x + 26y + 22 = 9, 7x + Qy + 102 =5 Solution. The augmented matrix C= [4, B] (RG. PY, Bhopal I, Sem. April 2009.08) 4 1 537 5[R sh 3 26 2 9 | 7 2 10 5 Scorned with om Scammer24 Basle Enginooring Mathomaon (Vo), 3 1 3 7,4 La ooo ‘ - 21 9 LM, BIRR -3K |g a ih 3 aleoa-7e lo oo oe SIS Rank of 4 = 2 = Rank of C Hence, the equations are cons its solutions are infinite, 3 4 itt Let x+3/344),7 SLU js Example 7, Test the consistency and hence solve the following set of equations, x, + 2x, +x, 3x, +x, - 2x 4x, — 3x) - 4 2u, + dey + 2x = 4 Solution. The given set of equations is written in the matrix form: 2 2 31-21") |, 4-3 -1//7] "13 2 4 afl fy AX=B 12 12 : 301-21 Mere, we eve augmented max C= [4,2] =| > an 24 24 Scorned with om ScammerSolution of Simultaneous Equation 25 2 -5 -5 -5| RR -3K au -5 -5| ROR-4R RyRy 2R, H — Boo © e 12 12 jo 1 1 Ry 0-1-5 -5 0 0 0 0. 27. eee “Jo 0 6 6 [RR +R 0000 1212 oii “Joo 1 iqotR, 0000 Number of non-zero rows = Rank of matrix. = R(C)= RUA) =3 Hence, the given system is consistent and possesses a unique solution, In matrix form the system reduces to 121 2 o1a"|_fa oo Wf?) hi oo of! |o x, 42m ty=2 A) ytyel 0) 1 From (2), yti=l 3 m=0 From (1), yt0t+1=2 > 4-1 Hence, x, = 1,4, = 0 and x; = Ans. Example 8. Using matrix method, show that the equations 3x + By +22 = 1, x + 2y = 4, I0y + 32 =-2 and 2x - By ~2 consistent and hence obtain the solution for x, y and 2. olution. The given equations can be written in the matrix form as : 303 2 V : 1 2 olf |_| 4 Os, 40,034} 1|-2 2-3-1" 5 Seamed with Com Seamer= Basic Engineering Mathematics (Vol. 26 AX=B Bo 2 et 1 20:4 The augmented matrix C= [42 BJ=| 5 49 3 2 2-3 -1: 3 120: 4) RoR B 3 20 1 “Jo 10 3 :-2 2-3 -1:5 1 20:4 0-3 2 :-11]R)>R,-3R, “lo 10 3 :-2 0-7 -1 :-3)R,>R,-2R 1 0 0 0 0 = Rank (C) = 3, Also R (A) =3 => R(C)=R(A)=3 Hence, the given system is consistent with unique solution. 120 4 0-3 2} J-n O50 tel ges z 0 00 0 xt2y ll) -3y+2z2=-11 (2) x) 42x, -2,=3 Seamed with Com Seamersolution of Simultaneous Equation XpoXy tase] Solution. The augmented matrix C = [4, B] Po2-1 3) fio2-a 3 2 _{9 -7 5 -8) RR -3R 2-203 21710 -6 5 -4| R>R-2R, Te-1 1-1) [0 -3 2 -4) RoR-R 12 3 0-7 5 -8 ~lo 0 3 Maior-S 77 7 o ot )a,52,-22, 7 7 tae 12-1 3 Rank of C= 3 = Rank of 4 Hence, the system of equations is consistent with unique solution. 1 2 -1/fx 3 Now, 0-7 5|lx,|=|-8 Silas} | 20 o 85 7 => -iy=-8 3 2,=4 I > x, =3-874= consistency of the following system of equations 1, xe Spt Tea 15, e+ My 13: it. matrix C = [4, B] 3°94 Seamed with Com SeamerSt, =x, + 2x, ~ 2x, + 3 Xj-x) +x, =~ 1 Solution. The augmented matrix C= (4, 8] Po2-1 3 12-1 3 See eR Ore og ol ke oh 22-3 2 0-6 5 -4| RR, 2K, 1-1 1 =-1 0 -3 2 -4| RRR, 102-1 3] 0--7 5 -8 5 20 6 ~\o 2 Sl] RORH-zR 0 5 FI RORH- Fh -1 -4 3 0 0 = S| >R-=R, 7 te > hy 7 2 12-1 3 0-7 5 -8 0 TT! 0 0 0 oft Rank of C = 3 = Rank of A Hence, the system of equations is consistent with unique solution. 1 2 -1/fs, 3 Now,\ 0-7 5|/x,|=|-8 s|[x 20 o Sflsl }20 ° a 7 x, + 2x35 =3 (1) = Tx, + 5x, =-8 (2) 5 20 sar 44 From (2), ~ 7x, +5*4=-8 = From (1), x, +2*4-4=3 > Ans. Hencex, =-1, x x,=4 \ BXample 10. Discuss the consistency of the following system of equations RtBytdea ll, xt Syt 72215, ax t lly + 1322. If found consistent, solve it. Solution. The augmented matrix C = [4, B] 23.4 IT), Ga ST. 15] Ree Ro 15.0915 }~|2° 3 4 211 3.13. 25] [3° 11 13 25 Scorned with om Scanner28 15 7°15 1 Ios 7 15 a1 2% Plate, 0 =7 =10 -19]R, > R= 2K ~ 7 7 0 -4 -8 -20JR9R-3% |o 1 2 Ja, >-tR, 15 7:15 0 19 is ek 4 lin, +R -R, = LIBRO R-R O07 k of C= 3 = Rank of A : ee Hens the system of equations is consistent with unique 1s 7 lis 10 |]*| _}a9 Now, 01S Hy)=|5 2 afl fie oo $ “ = x4 Sy4 7215 lz _ 19 : TOT Ho ag aig lo, _19 From (2), yeaa og yas From (1), x+5(-3)+7(4)=15 = y=2 Hence x=2, yr-3, 224 : Example 11. Test for the consistency of the. Sollowing system of equations : M2 +x + dey = 5 6x, + Try + Bx, + 9x, = 10 Hx, +12 + 135+ lax, = 15 Vor, + 17x, + 18x, + 19x, = 29 Aly + 224, + 23x, + 24x, = 95 Solution. The given equations are writ 123 4 6 7 8 g|/*% M1213 yq]/*2} _ 15 16 17 18 19||3 20 a1 22 23 agflul [oe fen in the matrix form, 5 10 Seorned with om Scannerilution of Simultaneous Equation 29 AX=B 123 4:5 G7 ceo: 210 C=l4:B)=!11 12 13 14 : 45 16 17 18 19 : 20 21 22 23 24 : 25 1203 4 5 0-5 -10 -15 :-20|R, > R - 62, =|0 -10 ~20 -30 :-40 Ry > Ry -11R 0 -15 -30 -45 :-60 Ry — Ry - 16R, 0 -20 ~40 -60 :-80 Ry > Rs - 212, 12 3 4:5 0 -5 -10 -15 :-20 0007 0 6 0|R > R, - 2R, 00 0 0 0| Ry > R, -3R, 00 0 0 OJ RR -4R, Number of non zero rows is only 2. So Rank (A) = Rank (C) = 2 Since Rank (A) = Rank (C) 21 4ilyl=|k 41 10jlz} [x2 AX=B plaid Cae olpae ro 4110: 1 Alco 1 ~|O -1 24 k-2|R, >, - 2K, 0-3 6 : R-4|R,>R,-4R Li a i 11 te pe = (O°-4.2 k-2" =lo--1 2]1y]* 0 0° o 0 OL. WP -3k +2, 0 3k +2] Ry Ry -3Ry Scorned with om Scammerpease ena eao nemo erees (VOly baal then R(A) = R(C) but RCA) “WK-2)=05k=1,k 1, we have the given system has solution ROY = it Med Case 1 When k “(1 0 Let Putting the value of = = 2 in (2), we have ytM=-lL soy Putting the values of y and z in (1), we have vtQM YFAS1 oy Mence solution is (A is an arbitrary constant) Case 1. When k= 2, we have xty 1 -y+ Let Putting the value of = 4-642 yer zee in (4), we have ~yt2e Putting the values of y and = 0 y=20 in (1), we have X+2¢ OCS cece | Hence the solution is 1=3ey Example 13. Investigate the =* G where c is an arbitrary constant, Ans. values of. and (so that the equations: 2+ ay + 7x + 3y 2x + Bvt de oo () no solution have (i) a unique solution (ii) an infinite nunber of solutions, GRY. Bhopal, 1 Semester, June 2007) Solution, Here, we have, 2v+ 34 S229 Scorned with om Scammer203 5:9 1539 47 1 7 Ty |e enh 0 0 2-5 :-9]R, > R-R (@ No solution. Rank (4) # Rank (C) 2-5-0 or A=5 and p-940 5 peo (i) A unique solution Rank (4) = R (C) = Number of unknowns A-5#0 => AES (iii) An infinite number of solutions. Rank (A) = Rank (C) = 2 2-5=0 and p-9=0 a=5 and p=9 Ans. wFample 14. Determine for what values of i and wt the following equations have (i) no solution; (ii) a unique solution; (iii) infinite number of solutions. xtytz=6 xt 2y+32=10, xt 2ythz=p 1 lhe (ie Solution. 12 3fly|=|10 alle n AK=B 111 6 11 1 . 6 c=(4.8)=|1 2 3. 10/~lo1 2 4 |RoR-k 122+ pl [ot a-1- p-6]2>B-A 1121°.,,.6 ~fo1 2: 4 00 2-3 + p-l0JBOR-& @ There is no solution if R (A) # R(C) F fe 2-3=0o0rk=3andw—1040 orp #10 ae is a unique solution if R (4) = R (C) =3 be (iit) Thy 3 #0 ord #3, u1 may have any value. ere are infinite solutior eee ns if R (4) = R (C) =2 Oord=3 and w—-10=0orp=10 le 15, Find for what values x+yt2=6 X+ Wt sz= 19 2x + By 4 ag = He 4 Unique solution : i) no Solution Exam Of and i the system of linear equations: Scorned with om Scammer(ii) infinite solutions, Also find the solution for 4 = 2 and jt 8. (Utarakhand, Ist semester, Dec. 200%) Lou offs 6 Solution, 12 silyf=]10 23 atts] La Teo AN=B C=(4,B)=|1 2.5: 10 23h il ~jol Ry > Ry - o1 wep +R 2% (A unique solution IR(A)=R(C)=3 then 2-6 #0=> A #6 and pcan have any value, (i) No solutions WR@*R(C, then R(4)=2 and R(C)=3 4-6=0= A=6 andu-16#0 = 416 (iii) Infinite solutions IFR(A)=R(C)=2 then A~6 =O and w—16=0 = A= 6andp= (i) Putting 4 = 2 and y= 8 in (1), we get lr: 6 te aie 6 o1 4 slo 4lly|e} 4 ee el 00 alee xty+2=6 yt Putting z = 2 in (3), we get yH8=4 aye 2=2in (2), we get X-442=6 syx=8 Hence, x=8 4, z=2 Example 16. Show that the equations axtdy+5z = 4x + Sy + 62 Sx + 6 + 7: Putting v 00 Par : a Ans Scorned with om Scammerdont have a solution unless ate = 2b solve the equation when a= b= 6 =~ hk - Solution, Augmented matrix, a Bod a 45 6:5 Sod Lt ts b-a]R oR -R Itt: e-b]RoR-R i567 1d iss bea 00 0: cH=2b+a} Ry > RR [01 2: eHSb4Sa] Ry > Ry SR, proud: b-a 0 1 2: eHSh+Sa| Ry Ry (0) 0.00: c-2bta Here, R(A)= R(O=3 if e-2W+ae0or ate=2 R(A)#R(C) = Equation don't have a solution Putting the values of a = b = ¢ =~ 1 in (1), we get 1 0 > 0 Let Then => y=-2k-1 Putting the values y and z in x+y +2 =0, we get F-k-1tk=0 = xm kl Hencex=k+1, y=-2k-1, z=k Ans. Example 17. Find for what values of k the set of equations 2x—3y + 62-5t= 3, yd t=, dx — Sy + 8-H =k has (i) no solution (ii) infinite number of solutions. Solution. The augmented matrix C= [4, B] 2-3 6 -5 + 3] f2 -3 6-5 3 o 1-4 1+ i~fo 1-4 rt 4-5 8-9 k) [oO 1-4 1k —6| Ry > 2K, 2-3 6-5-3 ~lo 1-4 1 1 0 0 0 0+ k=7, RyRy - Re (i) There is no solution if R (4) # R (C) k-7#00rk#7, R (A) =2and R (C) =3. Scorned with om Scanner34 Basic Engineering Mathematics (Vol (i) There are infinite solutions if R (A) = R(C) = 2 : -1=0, : k-7=0,k= 7 An 236 -5 3 o 1 aiff |. Ff Al) oe] From (1), 2v - 3 — 12k, + 3k, + 6k, = Sk, =3 2 aes = 2x = 6 + 6k, + 2k = 2 1 ce A Sere wite Cem SomerEIGEN VALUES, EIGEN VECTOR, CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM CHAPTER m F ordinary differential equations ® te nn values and eigen vectors are used in the study of ordinary differential eq} ee i i _ 4 : analysing population growth and finding powers of matrices. 3.2 EIGEN VALUES ay a ay Mm |f re] [9% Gy G7 493 Oy Ja Let Jay as as oq a a Ya Ax=Y el) Where 4 is the matrix , X is the column vector and Y is also column vector. Here column vector X is transformed into the column vector Y by means of the square matrix A. Let X’be a such vector which transforms into AX by means of the transformation (1). Supposé the linear transformation Y = AX transforms X into a scalar multiple of itself i.e. 2. AX=Y=)2X AX~2IX=0 (A--) X=0 Thus the unknown scalar 2, is known as an non zero vector X as eigen vector, eigen value of the matrix 4 and the correspondiné Let 227 Log . 2-2 2 A-M=)1 3 1\-alo 1 : h ol=|1 3-2 raat te it ; ae _ | characteristic matrix (8) Characteristic Po} ee lynomial: se polynomial, which al: The determinant | 4 — Ne call as characteristic polyno MI | when. nial of mona Pamed will give ? Scorned with am ScammerEigen Values, Eigen Vector Cayley Hamilton Theorem 2-2 For example, {1 3.4 4 1 NG S5AVM~2-2Q-A-1) 412-3 4a) METMA-UAES we equation | Ai] = 0 is called the cha (©) Characteristic Equatio of the matrix 1 e.g, "+I A-~S=0 or Eigen Values: ‘The roots of characteristic equation | 4 —21|=0 NX AL eg. teristic equation => @-Da-Da Characteristic roots are 1, 1, 5. Some Important Properties of Eigen Values (1) Any square m ah (2) The sum of the elements on the principal di matrix, (3) The sum of the ei (4) The product of the (S) IPA, Ay A, are th @ kAare kay ky SABLLS ¢ the same eigen values. nal of a matrix is called the trace of the (ii) At are, To normalize eigen vector divide each clement of the vector by the squa the sum of the squares of all the elements of the vector. 6-2 2 Example 1, Find she characteristic roots of the matrix |-2 3-1 2 1 3 Solution, The characteristic equation of the given matrix is 6-A 2 2 +2 3-2-1 ct) 2 -l 3k (6-2) 96h + B= 1) +2 (642A +2) #22 6+ = s “pe + 12 B= 36+ 32 By trial, A = 2 is a root of this equation. : -2)@-8)=0 > A-2 2-100 + 16) =0 > A-2A-2)6 Ans. = 2,2, 8 are the characteristic roots or Eigen values B (3 0 “ample 2, Find the eigen values of el ; June 2009) jarat, 1] Semeste Hence find the eigen values of A, and A + 2k (Gujarat, 1 Seme Scorned with om ScannerSolution, JA-Al[=0 = 0 = B-ACI-A=0 A, Eigen values of 2° are 3° and (- I ie, 3-1 Eigen values of A+ 2/=3+2, -1+2=5,1 An 12 -3 Example 3. The matrix A is defined as A=|0 3 2 00 -2 Find the eigen values of 3 A’ + 5 A* - 6A + 21. Solution. |A-Al|=0 = (1-NG-AC2-4 Eigen values of A? = 1, 27, -8; Eigen values of 4? = 1, 9, 4 Eigen values of A = 1, 3, -2; Eigen values of /= 1, 1, 1 . Bigen values of 3 4? + 54? ~ 64 + 2/ First eigen value= 3 (1)? + 5 (1)? = 6 (1) + 2(1) Second eigen value= 3 (27) + 5 (9)~ 6 (3) +2(1) = 110 ‘Third eigen value= 3 (-8) + 5 (4) ~ 6 (-2) +2 (1) = 10 Required cigen values are 4, 110, 10 0 or A=1,3,-2 Example 4. Show tha for any square matric A, the product of all the eigen values of equal to det (A), and the sum of all the eigen values of Ais equal 1o the sum of ues of A is elements. he diagonal M1 a2 ay i-2 a ay Solution. Let A=]ay ay a|,J4-2 =la, ay 2g bs 3, yz ayy ay, fa an Dy |A-Ar] © (y=) [tag WD 65) 2) ty ty) ~ yy (y=) ~ 04, ay) + ala #@,- a lh, dng a9) Ee ty Cn +) RAM =A, Oy) =A [ty yay Rog =D a, (a, tl * [A-AT|=0 a (I) (ii) Adding and subtracting 4/ from (1) we get [A+ kl -A-k | =0 = [A+ (A+ 1 =0 => 4+ ki has A+ k eigen value. () Multiplying (1), by 4, we get K|A-Al|=0 = |kA-kAl|=0 = KA has eigen value kA. Proved. Example 6. If A, Ay... A, are the eigen values of A, find the eigen values of the martrix (A ~ Alp. Solution, (A —A /)? = A? - 20 AI + 2 2rd +L Eigen values of 4? are 22, 23, Ad... 2 Ono Aerea | 20 )e | 22k ae of 22 Fare DADA, AZA-DDG HV arse > (afeaPe oo(ag—ay?, (ayray?. aya)? Ans. Example 7. Prove that the following matrices have the same characteristic equation. (a bc) (6 cl a) fic a/b) beaiferdh[eed eal wig 4: « Solution, Characteristic equation of first matrix is |4-2/| = 0 a-h b © = b c-A a 0 c a b-2d (a~2) [2-2 (6+ 0) + be —a'] ~ b (BF — ac ~ BA) +c (ab— 7 + ch)=0 > V4 . _ab-ac-be+ a+ BP +c?) WHR (at bt oy th( Oot ent ate abe-e)=0 a Re BoM tht aA es te —ab— be eM HOD Ee two ace wll he symmetry of the result shows that characteristic equati a Aso be same, So : characteristic roots. Example 8 Prove shat a matrix A and its transpose A’ have the same Selution, Characteristic equation of matrix 4 is a |A-A[=0 Scorned with om ScammerCharacteristic equation of matrix 4’ is |A’- M\=0 (2) Clearly both (1) and (2) are same, as we know that A’ | | ged i \d columns int i.e., a determinant remains unchanged when rows be changed into columns and c Wd i a rows, Example 9. fA and P be square matrices of the same type and if P be invertible, show tha the matrices A and P"' AP have the same character Solution, Let us put B = P' AP and we will show that characteristic equations for both 4 and B are the same and hence they have the same characteristic roots. B-MM-=P! AP -Ml= P* AP ~ P* MP =P (A~M) P |B-M|=|P'(A-AD Pl=|P"||4- MIP | =|4-M || PULL P |= 14 - An | iP =|A-M|[/|=|4-Mlas|/|=1 ‘Thus the matrices A and B have the same characteristic equations and hence the same characteristic roots, Proved. Example 10. [fA and B be two square invertible matrices, then prove that AB and BA have the same characteristic roots. Solution. Now AB = JAB = B" B (AB) = B' (BA) B Al) But by Ex. 9, matrices BA and B"' (BA) B have same characteristic roots or matrices BA and AB by (1) have same characteristic roots. Proved. Example 11. If 4 and B be n rowed square matrices and if A be invertible, show that the matrices A~' B and BA* have the same characteristics roots. Solution. A B= A"! BI = 47 B (4A) = A" (BA*) A. a0) But by Ex.9, matrices BA" and 4 (BA~)A have same characteristic roots or matrices BA" and A B by (1) have same characteristic roots. Proved: Example 12. Show that 0 is a characteristic root of a matrix, singular, . if and only if, the matrix's Solution. Characteristic equation of matrix A is given by \4-M|=0 20, then from above it follows that | A |= 0 ie. Matrix ig singul Again if Matrix A is singular ie, | 4 |= 0 then uncer IA-M]= 0 = |A\-AU|=0,0-a-12 Example 13. Show that characteristic Sem orieeene jaracteristic roots of a triangul Solution. Let us consider the triangular matrix, Characteristic equation is |d ~ Ay) = 9 Scorned with om ScammerEigen Values, Eigen Vector Cayley Hamilton Theorem 45 lan-2 0 0 0 21 a2 0 0 or =0 31 3 %3-h 0 lay a 53 ay, - On expansion it gives (9) (ayy ~) (ay, ~ A) (ayy —2)=0 “aw ay ay ay which are diagonal elements of matrix Proved. 1 Example 14. 1} is an eigen value of an orthogonal matrix, then 3, i8 also eigen value. [Hin 44': = if is the eigen value of A, then 27 =7, X= x] Example 15. Find the eigen values of the orthogonal matrix 12 2 patla ) 2 422 Solution. The characteristic equation of 102 2 1-2 2 2 A=|2 1 -2/is |2 1-2 -2 |=0 2201 2 2 1A > (-A)[(1-2)(1-2)-4]-2f 21-2) +4] +2f-4-2(1-2)]=0 > (I-A) (= 2A + 8-4) 22-224 4) +2 4-24 22) 8-302 924270 > (2-3) (4+3)=0 The eigen values of A are 3, 3, -3, so the eigen values B=~A are 1, 1,-1. 2 1 : Note. If. = 1 is an eigen value of B then its reciprocal 7 1 is also an eigen value of B, Ans. Cae in z B.T.U, 2012) Example 16. Find the eigen values of the matrix |1 1 1): G. 11 lid Solution. Let A}1 11 11-1 The characteristic equation of Ais |A~ All = 0 MA 1 1 Scorned with om Scammerned Basic Engineering Mathemati S (Vp +l 1+tap=o = = 0 = -V (A-3)= A= 0.0.3 en values of given matrix are 0, 0, 3. An fz 7 Example 17, Find the eigen values of the matrix [121 0 7 (R.G.PM. Bhopal, | Semester, June dy Solutic ce Let 4d=|1 21 004 The characteristic equation of 4 is |A-¥|=0 1 1 1 2-2 1 |=0 0 0 is Expanding the determinant with the help of third row, we have = (1-2)[(2-2)° -1]=0 = (1-4) + 4— 1) =0 = (1-2)(22-42+3)=0 = (1-2)(.-3)(2-1)=0 = =11,3 ‘The eigen values of the given matrix is 1, 1 and 3, Ans EXERCISE 3.1 Show that, for any square matrix 4, 1. IF} is an eigen value of 4. the n = is an eigen value of 4+ 2, There are infinitely many eigen vectors coresponding toa 5 3. Find the eigen values of the matrix. ale igen value r ai AMS. Eigen vatnes are 0, Seared with om Seamerae ee eee 100 0-1 0}, find the matrix AY, using 101 ae Ans. | 0 4 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem 12. Ifa matrix 0 3.5 CHARACTERISTIC VECTORS OR EIGEN VECTORS As we have discussed in Art 3.2, ; A column vector ¥ is transformed into column vector Y by means of a square matrix A, Now we want to multiply the column vector by a scalar quantity A so that we can fing the same transformed column vector Y. ie, AX =X X is known as eigen vector. Example 24, Show that the vector (1, 1, 2) is an eigen vector of the matrix 31 -t A=|2 2 =I] corresponding to the eigen value 2. 220 Solution, Let X= (1, 1, 2), ol 341-2] [2] Now, AX =/2 2-11 |=/242-2/=/2]=2/1 22 1 I 22 O12} [24240] [4 2 Corresponding to each characteristic root 2, we have ac which satisfies the equation | 4—AI |X =0. The non-zen vector or Eigen vector. 3.6 PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VECTORS 1. The eigen vector X of a matrix A is not unique. 2. May Rayo ghey be distinct eigen values of an n x n matrix then correspongs “responding non-zero vector X © vector X is called characteristic ling eigen vectors Ay Nyy ny X, form a linearly independent set, IF to oF more eigen values are equal it may or may not independent eigen vectors corresponding to the equal rosie 4. Two eigen vectors x, and X, are called orthogonal veetors b © Possible to get linearly it Xyx,~ 5. Figen vector ofa symmetric matix corresponding o differ tigen. en ; a] Values ae orthogonal. Normalised form of vectors. To find normalised form of » We divi i" Wide each element by +b? +, 1] pa For example, normalised form | 2|is| 2/3 [vP +P 422 2} [203 ae. teteincamemmensentinesion Seared with om Scammer3.7 ORTHOGONAL VECTORS Two vectors ¥ and Y are said to be orthogonal if X7.X, = XIX, =0. Example 25. Determine whether the eigen vectors of the matrix 10 -1 A=|1 2 1 223 are orthogonal. Solution. Characteristic equation ig 7 | 1 2-2 1 =0 2 2 3-2. > (-9)12-1)8-7)~-2}-0-112-22-1)]=0 > (1-2) (6-504 = : > (2-1) (0? -51.+442]=0 => (4-1) 0.2 -57.+6)=0 > (2-1) (2.-2)0.-3)=0 , 2, 3 are three distinct eigen values of 4. -1 x | 1 x) |=]0] 3-2 |x| Lo! 1-1 0! 0 0 -I}[x] fo > 2141 11 1 }x]=/0 2 2 3-1 22 2JLs] Lo => x x, +x, += 05%, Let x, = A then x,= 0 — k 1 X,=|-k] => X=4/-1 0 0. For. = or ; a HEALD 1-200 = x = |10 Affe? eee 2 |=|0 22 ils) Le 2 2 3-2 jin} Lo ze x, + 0x, +x,=0 2x, + 2x, +4,=9 ak 27k Ae ag yh 2 -2° 2-1 2-' Seared with om Scammer4) 3.8 1 -2y|-1 X4X, =[1,-1,-2]] -1 2 0 =7#0, XPX,=2 ‘Thus, there are three distinet eigen vectors. So, X, » X, are not orthogonal eigen vectors. NON-SYMMETRIC MATRICES WITH NON-REPEATED EIGEN VALUES Example 26. Show that if Ry edegy sonny A, be the eigen values of the matrix A, then A" has the eigen values ME uly a” Solution. Let 4 be an eigen value of the matrix 4. Therefore, AX =A By premultiplying both sides of (1) by 4” ol) + We get 2A AX) => ANY =A) But (From (1) 4x =2.4) igen value of 4" n be the eigen values of 4, then ALAS Ag, az be the gen value of 4", e i Example 27, 1/2 be an eige value of A n value of matrix A (non-zero matrix), show that 2-1 is an eige” | Scorned with om ScannerSolution. We have, 7. is an eigen value of matrix A. 0) where X is eigen vector Premultiplying both sides of (1) by 4°, we yet A" (AX) = AGH) > (AN A)K =7(47X) > 1X =1(4"X) = = > Hence, 7+ is an eigen value of 47. Proved. Example 28. Find the eigen value and corresponding eigen vectors of the matrix 5s 2 A= | (UPI Sem., Dec 2008) A ey) Solution, [4-2 = 0 -s-2 2 . 0 =-6S-A)C2-4)- 7 ry aa 7 ) > 22 +7.+10-4=0= 22+ 71.+6=0 . +1). + 6)=0=2=-1,- The eigen values of the given matrix are ~ 1 and - 6. () When 7. =~ 1, the oneal eigen vectors are given by (PEGE EEE Let Hence, eigen vector ii) When 5 ' hen 3.=—6 the corresponding eigen vectors are given by [se x, x | [y o sETEL de Z %) 424,50 = x,=-24, hy then x, = Ay Seared with om Scammer‘ 3, ! and é Ans, : : 314 igen vectors of matrix A=|0 2 6 Example 29, Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of ma oe it 0 Solution. |A-H\=10 2-2 6 |=(3~2)(2-2) (5-2) 0 9 5-2 Hens the characteristic equation of matrix 4 is given by \A-i\=0 => (3-2) (2-7) (5-2) =0 422,35, ‘Thus the eigen values of matrix A are 2, 3,5, Th vectors of the matrix 4 corresponding to the eigen value 2. is gi mn ‘olution of the equation (4 —it)x = ° Se | f t Bed 6 1n7 fo . a 1 2-1. 6 lala we (I) When 4. = 2, the vor Ponding eiven vector is piven by [3-2 1g + 0 ” 0 2-2 6 aslo 19 9 s-a| 4} Lo 0 99 6) alslols 5ty +45 2g L J 9} O80 + 6x, ] 0 -3 6/|x}=/0 0. 0 5-5}hx3} Lo. 0 0 offs] lo -2x, +. +44, =0 — 3x, + 6x, = 0 By cross-multiplication method, we have a “0+12 6-0 k a Hence, X; =| 2k]= | 2 can be taken as an eigen vector of A corresponding to the eigen k 1 value 4 = 5. Ans. EXERCISE 3.3 ‘Non-symmetric matrix with different eigen values: Find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors for the following matrices: 422 2] [1] fo L|-s 3 2 Ans. 1,2,5;{1|,]1 |, 2401 4} 2 2-2 3 wy] ff hooded Ans. -2,1,3:] 1),] 1}? 134 ya} Lu Lh 0 : ape, 2 ce 2)f1[? 503 Ans, -1,1,25}-1 | 1]! 6 4 3} | 2}L 4. 4 t 6 6 ef of 3 3 shh 2 Ans. 11,4} -2}} 1] 3 711-1} Let Scorned with om Scammer3.9 NoN-SYMMETRIC MATRIX WITH REPEATED EIGEN VALUES : Example 30. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix: 211 il 7 il 001 211 Solution. We have, A=|1 2 1). 00 1 Characteristic equation of A is | A-A|=0 2-h 1 a > 1 2--k 1 |=0 0 0 1-4 On expanding the determinant by the third row, we get > (1=2) {(2-2) (2-A)-}=0 = G-A){Q-AyP -}=0 > (1-4) (2-241) (2-2-1) =0 > (=A) G-a) d-ay=0 > A=1,1,3 ‘When A =1 2-1 1 1 = 0 1 2-1 1 y ‘ 0 0 1-1]|z 0 0 ove orn ey NS OH a W oo Gs Seurned with Cems1 0 0 > Letx=landy=k, => k,andy=&. ktktz50 >= X= Again Put x = 1, y= 0 in (1), When 2=3 2-31 01 1 2-3 1 0 0 1-3 “111 > I-11 0 0 -2 11 00 2 00 -2| -xtytz= 2z=> -x+yt0=> k X,=|k 0 1 1]fx] fo 0 Ol y|=|0|R, +R -R, 0 ollz} Lo a (1) -k-k 1 1 =1,4=1) -2 we get] +0+z=0, z Example 31. Find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A Soluti Hon, axe Characteristic equation of 4 is 0 -1 0 =|0 z| lo x] fo yl=fo z} [0 x] fo y|=]0] ROR, +R, z} {0 0 0=>2=0 0 x=y =k (say) li Ans 0 2 2 -3 =| 2 1 -6 -1 2 0 2-2 2 «3 2 1-2 -6 |=0 [oo OSM Scorned with om Scanneraed aed 4520 wood on ; alee 2 41-3) is one factor of (1), ae (QE ATA (A-S) A+ atarn-1s=0 5 Ae5,-3 S AINA A$Se0 sd ice eigen wntuess' To tind the eigen veetors for corresponding cigt will consider the mattis gus, [2-22 Sole — y}=/0 i I-A -6 y (A-ADN = 0 ke, ' o-a fle} fo On putting A= S in eq, (2), it becomes We have = Ix +2y-32=0, Hence, the eigen vector X, =] 2k |= 4] 2 : kK] [vt Puta =—3 in eg. (2), it becomes We have r+2y24e Atay Gem, WX-+3r=9 S are the same, Here first, second and third equation, Let x =A then z= 3 +2k,) A Hence, the eigen vector is} 1 3 (4 +2k) Seared with om ScammerLet Ay =O, ky Henee X) = 3 2] trix is or e Since the matrix is non-symmetrie, the corresponding eigen vectors X, and X, must b linearly independent, Ty be done by choosing 3 + k= 0, and Hence X3 =| 0 1 i 0 3 Hence, X, =| 2], 3 a6 ro, -1 1 310 5 Example 32. Show that the matrix A=|-2 -3 -4] has less than three linearly 35 7 independent eigen vectors, Is it diagonalise this matrix? Solution. | 4-2 |=0 Possible to obtain a similarity tranformation that will 3-a 10 5 = |-2 3-2 4 =0) > 3-707 416.-12=0 3 5 7-2 By trial Let 4=2, then 8-28+32-12=0.-. (@~2)is one factor, 2/1 7 6 -2 2-0 12 -52+6=0 (4-2) (0? -5246)=0 = (A-2)(A-2)(A-3)=0, 2=2,2,3 Eigen vector for 2 = 3 3-3 10 5 ]fx] fo 0 10 Sfx] fo 2 3-3 -4 y|=|0] > |-2 -6 -])x]=|0 3 5 7-3 |lz} lo 3.5 4jlz} lo Ox+10y+5z=0 x Poe ~2x-6y-47=0, —40+30 -10-0 0+20 1 Eigen vector =| 1 -2 Scorned with am ScammerBasic Engu—— i 66 Figen vector for 2 =2 119 s)rx) |? x4 lOy + 52 ie 244 ax+Sy+4z= 3 5 Silz! Lo 5k > 2. , Eigen vector =| 2k : Sk. peated root 2. 7 ‘are not linearly independent. We get one eigen vector corresponding 10 Fe! Eigen vectors corresponding to 2) = 2= 23 Similarity transformation is not possible. Example 33. Find the eigen values and the correspo A nding eigen vectors for the matriy 1-6 -4 =|0 4 2 0-6 -3 Solution. | 4-2 |= 0 I-A -60 4 0 4-2 2 j=0 0 + --A On expanding the determinant by the first column (1-2)4-2(-3-2)+12], =0 = (1-2) 02-2) =0 a (I-22G-) =0 = h=0,1,1 Matrix equation for eigen vector [4-2 I] ¥ =0 1-2 ~6 -4 Tx] fo Ree 2 elo 9 -~ = -3-a}lz} fo Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 2. = 0 On putting 2 = 0 in (1), the equation becomes 1-6 -4)[x 0 0 4 al,]- =aty— 7 vl=lol or y—42=0 0 «6 -all-} Io 0x+4y427=9 Eigen vector Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value Scorned with om Scanner67 values. Eigen Vector Cayley Hamilton Theorem es é ' in (1), the equation will become 0-6 -4 x] fo 4 0 3 @Wylslo} = ~6y-42=0 or y= —Ge 9 -6 ~4]12] |o xean take any value say y= |, then y =~2, 2=3 igen vector X,=|-2 3 Ix = 0, then y= 2, 0 X,=|-2 3 The corresponding eigen vector ¥, and X, must be linearly independent, Ans. EXERCISE 3.4 rated eigen values n vectors of the following matrices: ymmetric matrices Find the eigen values and rey 2-2 2) -4] [o}[3 te et 1 Ans. -2, 2,2) -1],|1 |] 0 13. | 7 ugla 221 omit oe Ans.1,1,5] 1 |] 0 |, a2. -2}[-1) [1 211 Van 3. |23 Ans. 1,1,7;| 1], 0, 33 -1} [+1] [3 Boa om 4] -8 304 Ans. -1,-1,3; 1],/1),]1 4 2 -16 8 7 tu 310 SYMMETRIC MATRICES WITH NON REPEATED EIGEN VALUES Example 34, Find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors of the matrix 35 4 5 75 4 5 2 Solution. |A-aT|=0 25. ut 5s Jad: qos $2 2=K =0 or 49-32? 904-216 =0 Scorned with om ScammerBy Take ~ 3, then - 27 — 27 + 270 - 216-0 By synthetic division ~216 216 Eigen Vector On putting 4 = ~ 3 in (1), it will become [1 $ 4]fx] [oj xtSy+ [3 10 5{ly{=l0| = eas 4.5) Mei | 1 Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 2 Equation (1) becomes 4°35 4)[x 0 4r+Sy44z=0 . e+ Sy+de= 513 silyl=lo , “ feinrae Eigen vector X, =| -1 | y z 25-52 20-20 52-25 fy eigenvector X, =| 9 1 eigenvector corresponding to eigenvalue A= 12. Equation (1) becomes : {eects =|0] or 069 en Values, EIGEN Vector Cayley Hamilton Theorem eg ee 25+20 20479 > 70-25 Example 35. Find the eig, "values, eigen vectors and the modal matrix given below. loo 0 34 0-1 3 Solution. The characteristic equation of the given matrix is 1-2 0 0 0 3-2-1 Jeo oO - 3-2 => (-A){B-2F-j=05 (1-2) 8-24 B-2=1 = (1-4-2) (2-a)=0 a Eigen vectors ‘When 2 = 1, =1,2,4 9-1 2jls} lol |, 4 ails] lo => 0 (1) 3x 02% 0 = Q) Putting x,= 0 from (2) in (1), we get 2x,-0== 0 x, 1 Eigen Vector =| 0 0 When A = 2, -1 0 Olfx] fo 0 1 -1\/x|=]0 o-1 lx) Lo. 10 O}fa] fo] a>-& =|0 > 0 1 -i\]x 00 oly) [olm>e+% Scorned with om Scanner0 Eigen vector = =/1 1 When A= 4, -3 0 Olfm'] [eo oO -1 -I{/x]=/% o -1 hy] Le nia te Eigen Vector =| | Modal matix =|0 11 An lo 1-1 EXERCISE 3.5 ‘Symmetric matrices with non-repeated eigen values Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the following matrices: Seared with om Scammergigen Values, Elgen Vector Cayley Hamilton Theorem an 311 SYMMETRIC MATRICES WITH REPEATED EIGEN VALUES Example 36. Find ait the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix. 24 4 jto2-1 Lio-r og Saletan. Tt hte acces ig 2-2 -1 1 12-2 AI alee 2 GMO eta astem—aeaqeo ~ CO) 4~42422 ye G—Narn-120 = 8-84 277 2 an gage +h+2h-2=0 = “1 +602 -92,44= 2-602 497,-4=0 a * i9(1), the equation (1) is satisfied. So 2.1 is one factor ofthe equation(|). The other factor (7-57.44) is got on dividing (1) by 4-1, = G-1) 0? ~57.44)=0 or Q-N A=) A-4)=0 = A=LA4 The eigen values are 1, 1, 4. (2-4 4 1 \fx\ fo ionic et 240 4 Ne}-(0 1 -1 2-4 Jka) Lo \ eS > \ “1 x [=0 ear a i ) | 1 21 a Seared with om Scanneree ee an Basic Engineering Mathematics Wo. i) 72 (1-1 fx) jl f eles RoOmtR — =0 0 2 ° _ ° “i i : -( o al: Boho 7 3 ree. or Let As X, is orthogonal to X, since the given matrix is symmetric 1 (1,-1.1) m|= n or I-m+n=0 + Q) As X, is orthogonal to X, since the given matrix is symmetric t 0,1,0]| m|=0 or 1+m+0=0 = () n Solving (2) and (3), we get 1 Ans. 2 EXERCISE 3.6 Symmetric matrices with Fepeated eigen values Find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors of the following matrices: ag 2) 7 3] 71 1.1246 a Ans. 0,0,14;| 1], ‘lp 0} [-s] [3 201 2/030 Nyy a 102 Ans. 1,3,3;] 0/11], -2 } -1 6.2 2 oe 3 |203 -1 2)f ayy 2 ps Ans. 8,2,2;) 1/1 o|.}o 1} L-2} Lo Scorned with om Scammer