Engineering Mathematics (III)

Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Dep. (PME2112)

Mechanical Power Engineering Dep. (PME2113)

Lecture #6

Dr. Eng. Ali Abdelmotaal Mehrez

[email protected]
II. Functions of complex variables
❑ Functions of complex variable

For the complex variable 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, the function of the

complex variable is

𝒘 = 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒖 𝒙, 𝒚 + 𝒊 𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚)
❑ Functions of complex variable

The complex variable 𝒛 is represented in 𝒛 −plane, and the

function 𝒘 = 𝒇(𝒛) is represented in 𝒖 − 𝒗 plane or
𝒘 −plane.

𝑦 𝑣

𝒘 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚
𝑥 𝑢
Domain
Range

𝒛 −plane 𝒘 −plane
❑ Functions of complex variable
As an example; 𝒛 = 𝟐 + 𝒊 𝒘 = 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒛

at 𝒛 = 𝟐 + 𝒊, 𝑤 =𝑓 𝑧 =2 2+𝑖 =𝟒+𝟐𝒊

𝑦
𝑣 𝒘 = 𝟒 + 𝟐𝒊

𝒛=𝟐+𝒊

𝑥 𝑢

𝒛 −plane 𝒘 −plane
❑ Functions of complex variable
Ex #1 Express the following functions in terms of 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

𝟏
𝒂 𝒇 𝒛 = +𝒛 𝒃 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛 𝒆𝟐𝒛
𝒛
Solution
𝟏
𝒂 𝒇 𝒛 = +𝒛 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝒛
1 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 2
𝑓 𝑧 = + (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) =
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

1 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑖 2𝑥𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
=
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
❑ Functions of complex variable
Ex #1(cont.)
1 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑖 2𝑥𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑓 𝑧 =
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦

𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥2𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑦3
= 2 2
+𝑖
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚)
❑ Functions of complex variable
Ex #2 Express the following function in terms of polar form
𝑢 𝑟, 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑣(𝑟, 𝜃)

𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛𝟓 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒛ത 𝟐

Solution

𝟓
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒛ത 𝟐 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑧ҧ = 𝑟𝑒 −𝑖𝜃

𝑖𝜃 5 2
= 𝑟𝑒 + ln 𝑟𝑒 −𝑖𝜃

5 𝑖5𝜃 −𝑖𝜃 2
=𝑟 𝑒 + ln 𝑟 + ln 𝑒

= 𝑟 5 cos 5𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 5𝜃 + ln 𝑟 − 𝑖𝜃 2
❑ Functions of complex variable
Ex #2

𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑟 5 cos 5𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 5𝜃 + ln 𝑟 − 𝑖𝜃 2

= 𝑟 5 cos 5𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 5𝜃 + ln 𝑟 2 − 𝑖𝜃 ln 𝑟 + 𝜃 2

= 𝑟 5 cos 5𝜃 + ln 𝑟 2 + 𝜃 2 + 𝑖 𝑟 5 sin 5𝜃 − 𝜃 ln 𝑟

𝒖(𝒓, 𝜽) 𝒗(𝒓, 𝜽)
❑ Functions of complex variable
Ex #3 Express the following functions in terms of 𝑧

𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
𝒘 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 + 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 Remember …
Solution
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
𝒘 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 + 𝟐 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐
𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ 𝑧 − 𝑧ҧ 𝑧ҧ 𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ 𝑧 − 𝑧ҧ
=2 +𝑖 + 𝑥= 𝑦=
2 2𝑖 𝑧 𝑧ҧ 2 2𝑖
𝑧 − 𝑧ҧ 1
= 𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ + + 𝑧 2
= 𝑧 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2 𝑧
𝟑𝒛 + 𝒛ത 𝟏
= +
𝟐 𝒛
❑ Functions of complex variable
Ex #4 𝒛−𝒊 𝒛−𝟐
let 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 and 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛+ത𝒛
𝒛𝟐 +𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐

State where in the following domains, this function fails to be defined:

𝝅 𝝅
𝒂 𝒛 <𝟏 𝒃 𝒛− 𝟏+𝒊 <
𝟐 𝟐
Solution

Let us in the first indicate the points where the function 𝑓(𝑧) fails
to be defined

𝒛−𝒊 𝒛−𝟐
𝒇 𝒛 = Zeros of the denominator
𝟐 𝒛 + 𝒛ത
𝒛 + 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐
❑ Functions of complex variable
Ex #4(cont.)
𝒛−𝒊 𝒛−𝟐
𝒇 𝒛 = Zeros of the denominator
𝒛 + 𝒛ത
𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐

𝑧2 + 1 = 0 𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ 𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ 𝜋 3𝜋
cos =0 = ± ,± ,…
2 2 2 2
𝑧 = ±𝑖
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑦 𝑥 = ± ,± ,…
2 2
1

𝑥
−3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
2 2 2 2
−1
❑ Functions of complex variable
Ex #4(cont.)

In the second, we check if the points of undefinition lie inside the

given domains in (a) and (b).

𝒂 𝒛 <𝟏
Circle interior 𝑦

𝑥
−3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
2 2 2 2
−1

Accordingly, the function is defined for all points of 𝑧 < 1

❑ Functions of complex variable
Ex #4(cont.)
𝝅 𝝅
𝒃 𝒛− 𝟏+𝒊 < 𝑦
𝟐 𝟐
Circle interior
𝜋
1+𝑖
2
1

𝑥
−3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
2 2 2 2
−1

𝜋 𝜋
Accordingly, the function is defined for all points of 𝑧 − 1 + 𝑖 <
2 2
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…
lim 𝒇(𝒛) =? !
𝒛→𝒛𝟎

Substitute with 𝒛 = 𝒛𝟎

finite number 𝐿 ±∞ ∞ 0
, ,…
∞ 0

Limit exits and Limit does not Use “Paths rule” to

equal to 𝐿 exit discuss the limit
non-existence
𝑦

𝑥
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…
Ex #5 Evaluate the following limits
𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 − 𝟐 + 𝒊
𝒂 lim 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟒𝒛 + 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒊 𝒃 lim 𝟐
𝒛→𝟐+𝒊 𝒛→𝒊 𝒛 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏

Solution

𝒂 lim 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟒𝒛 + 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒊 = 2+𝑖 2
− 4 2 + 𝑖 + 2 + 5𝑖
𝒛→𝟐+𝒊

= −3 + 3𝑖 Limit exits

𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 − 𝟐 + 𝒊 −1 + 𝑖 − 2 + 𝑖 −3 + 2𝑖 2𝑖
𝒃 lim 𝟐 = =
𝒛→𝒊 𝒛 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏 −1 − 2𝑖 + 1 −2𝑖 2𝑖
−6𝑖 − 4 3
= =− 𝑖−1 Limit exits
4 2
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…
𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒊 𝟐𝒙𝒚
Ex #6 Let 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟐= Find:
𝒛 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝟏 lim 𝒇(𝒛) as 𝑧 → 0 along the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝒛→𝟎

𝟐 lim 𝒇(𝒛) as 𝑧 → 0 along the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥

𝒛→𝟎

𝟑 lim 𝒇(𝒛) as 𝑧 → 0 along the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

𝒛→𝟎

𝟒 What can you conclude about lim 𝒇(𝒛) ?

𝒛→𝟎

Solution
𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒊 𝟐𝒙𝒚
lim 𝒇(𝒛) = lim 𝟐 = lim
𝒛→𝟎 𝒛→𝟎 𝒛 𝒛→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…

Ex #6(cont.) 𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒊 𝟐𝒙𝒚
lim 𝒇(𝒛) = lim 𝟐 = lim
𝒛→𝟎 𝒛→𝟎 𝒛 𝒛→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝟏 lim 𝒇(𝒛) as 𝑧 → 0 along the line 𝒚 = 𝒙
𝒛→𝟎 𝑦
𝑦=𝑥
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒊 𝟐𝒙𝒚
lim
𝒛→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
Substitute with 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝑥

𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑖 2𝑥𝑥 𝑖 2𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥→0 2
𝑥 +𝑥 2 = lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥 2
= lim 𝑖
𝑥→0
=𝒊
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…
Ex #6(cont.) 𝑦
𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝟐 lim 𝒇(𝒛) as 𝑧 → 0 along the line 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
𝒛→𝟎

𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒊 𝟐𝒙𝒚
lim
𝒛→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝑥

Substitute with 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙

𝑥 2 − (2𝑥)2 + 𝑖 2𝑥2𝑥 −3𝑥 2 + 𝑖 4𝑥 2

= lim = lim
𝑥→0 2
𝑥 + (2𝑥) 2 𝑥→0 5𝑥 2
−𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊
=
𝟓
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…
Ex #6(cont.) 𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑥2

𝟑 lim 𝒇(𝒛) as 𝑧 → 0 along the line 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

𝒛→𝟎

𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒊 𝟐𝒙𝒚
lim
𝒛→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝑥

Substitute with 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

𝑥 2 − (𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑖 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑖 2𝑥 3
= lim = lim
𝑥→0 2
𝑥 + (𝑥 ) 2 2 𝑥→0 𝑥2 + 𝑥4

1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑖 2𝑥
= lim 2
=𝟏
𝑥→0 1+𝑥
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…
Ex #6(cont.)

𝟒 What can you conclude about lim 𝒇(𝒛) ?

𝒛→𝟎

Since the limit depends on the path that we approach the point 𝑧 → 0,
then the limit does not exist.

𝒛ത
Ex #7 Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 does not exist.
𝒛→𝟎 𝒛
𝑦
Solution 𝒛ത 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 0
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = lim =
𝒛→𝟎 𝒛 𝑧→0 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 0

We use the paths test

Path I: x-axis 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑥
❑ Functions of complex variable
𝑦
Limits and Continuity…
Ex #7(cont.) Path I: x-axis 𝒚 = 𝟎

𝒛ത 𝑥−𝑖0 𝑥
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = lim = lim = lim 1 = 𝟏
𝒛→𝟎 𝒛 𝑥→0 𝑥 + 𝑖 0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
𝑥
𝑦
Path I: y-axis 𝒙 = 𝟎

𝒛ത 0−𝑖𝑦 −𝑖 𝑦
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = lim = lim = lim −1
𝒛→𝟎 𝒛 𝑦→0 0 + 𝑖 𝑦 𝑦→0 𝑖 𝑦 𝑦→0

𝑥
= −𝟏

Since the limit depends on the path, then the limit does not exist.
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…
Ex #8

Show that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝟎 if z approaches zero along any straight line
𝒛→𝟎
passes through the origin, where

𝒙𝒚𝟑 𝒙𝟑 𝒚
𝒇 𝒛 = ൞𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟔 + 𝒊 𝟓𝒙𝟔 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒛≠𝟎
𝟎 𝒛=𝟎

Solution

Try it …
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…

The function 𝑓(𝑧) is continuous at the point (𝑧0 ) if

(1) 𝒇 𝒛𝟎 exits

(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒛) exits

𝒛→𝒛𝟎

(3) 𝒇 𝒛𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒛)

𝒛→𝒛𝟎

Note…
Points of discontinuity are the points where the function 𝑓(𝑧) does not
achieve one of the above conditions
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝒛 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒛
Ex #9 Find the points of discontinuity for 𝒇 𝒛 = +
𝑹𝒆 𝒛 −𝟏 𝒛−𝟐𝒊 −𝟐

Solution

The function is not defined at the zeros of the denominator; hence, it is

discontinuous at these points.

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝒛 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒛 𝑦
𝒇 𝒛 = +
𝑹𝒆 𝒛 −𝟏 𝒛−𝟐𝒊 −𝟐

𝑅𝑒 𝑧 − 1 = 0 𝑧 − 2𝑖 − 2 = 0

𝑥=1 𝑧 − 2𝑖 = 2

𝑥
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…
Ex #10 Investigate the continuity at 𝒛 = 𝒊 of the function

𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒛≠𝒊
𝒇 𝒛 =ቐ 𝒛−𝒊
𝟑𝒊 𝒛=𝒊
Solution

For multi-defined functions, we discuss the continuity at the points of

functions definition (𝒛 = 𝒊 in our example) by checking the three conditions
of continuity:
(1) 𝒇 𝒛𝟎 exits

(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒛) exits

𝒛→𝒛𝟎

(3) 𝒇 𝒛𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒛)

𝒛→𝒛𝟎
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity…
Ex #10(cont.) 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒛≠𝒊
𝒇 𝒛 =ቐ 𝒛−𝒊
𝟑𝒊 𝒛=𝒊

(1) 𝑓 𝑖 = 3𝑖 exits
𝒛𝟐 +𝟏 −1+1 0
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒛) =
𝒛→𝒊
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = lim =
𝒛→𝒊 𝒛−𝒊 𝑧→𝑖 𝑖−𝑖 0 𝑦

Use the paths test

1
Path I: parallel to x-axis 𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒛𝟐 +𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 +𝟏 +𝒊 𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑥
𝒛→𝒊 𝒛−𝒊 𝒛→𝒊 𝒙+𝒊 (𝒚−𝟏)
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity… 𝑦
Ex #10(cont.) Path I: parallel to x-axis 𝒚 = 𝟏
1
𝒛𝟐 +𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 +𝟏 +𝒊 𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒛→𝒊 𝒛−𝒊 𝒛→𝒊 𝒙+𝒊 (𝒚−𝟏)
𝑥
𝑥 2 −1+1 +𝑖 2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥+𝑖 (1−1)

𝑥 2 +𝑖 2𝑥
= lim = lim (𝑥 + 2𝑖) = 2𝑖
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑦
Path II: y-axis 𝒙 = 𝟎
1
𝒛𝟐 +𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 +𝟏 +𝒊 𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒛→𝒊 𝒛−𝒊 𝒛→𝒊 𝒙+𝒊 (𝒚−𝟏)
𝑥
❑ Functions of complex variable
Limits and Continuity… 𝑦
Ex #10(cont.) Path II: y-axis 𝒙 = 𝟎

𝒛𝟐 +𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 +𝟏 +𝒊 𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 1
𝒛→𝒊 𝒛−𝒊 𝒛→𝒊 𝒙+𝒊 (𝒚−𝟏)

0−𝑦 2 +1 +0
= lim 𝑥
𝑦→1 0+𝑖 (𝑦−1)
−(𝑦 2 −1) −(𝑦+1) = 2
= lim = lim − = 𝟐𝒊
𝑖 𝑖
𝑦→1 𝑖 (𝑦−1) 𝑦→1

Hence, the limit may exist. But, 𝒇 𝒊 = 𝟑𝒊 ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒊

𝒛→𝒊

So, 𝒇 𝒛 is discontinuous at 𝐳 = 𝒊
❑ Functions of complex variable
Derivatives …

The complex function 𝒇(𝒛) is differentiable at the point 𝒛𝟎

if the limit

𝒇 𝒛𝟎 + 𝜟𝒛 − 𝒇(𝒛𝟎 )
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ≡ 𝒇′ 𝒛𝟎
𝜟𝒛→𝟎 𝜟𝒛

exits.
❑ Functions of complex variable
Derivatives …
ത is not differentiable
Ex #11 Show that 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛

Solution Check the limit

𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛ത
𝒇 𝒛 + 𝜟𝒛 − 𝒇(𝒛) 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝚫𝐳 = (𝒛 + 𝚫𝐳)
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝜟𝒛→𝟎 𝜟𝒛
𝑧 + Δ𝑧 − 𝑧ҧ Replace 𝒛 by 𝒛 + 𝚫𝐳
= lim
𝛥𝑧→0 𝛥𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦,
𝑧ҧ + Δ𝑧 − 𝑧ҧ
= lim Δ𝑧 = Δ𝑥 + 𝑖 Δ𝑦
𝛥𝑧→0 𝛥𝑧
Δ𝑧
= lim
𝛥𝑧→0 𝛥𝑧
❑ Functions of complex variable
Derivatives …
Ex #11(cont.)

Δ𝑧 Δ𝑥 − 𝑖Δ𝑦 0
= lim = lim =
𝛥𝑧→0 𝛥𝑧 𝛥𝑧→0 𝛥𝑥 + 𝑖Δ𝑦 0

Apply paths test

Δ𝑦

𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑰𝑰, 𝚫𝒙 = 𝟎
Path I Δ𝑥 − 𝑖Δ𝑦 Δ𝑥 − 0
lim = lim
𝛥𝑧→0 𝛥𝑥 + 𝑖Δ𝑦 𝛥𝑥→0 𝛥𝑥 + 0

Δ𝑥 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑰, 𝚫𝒚 = 𝟎
= lim =1
𝛥𝑥→0 𝛥𝑥 Δ𝑥
❑ Functions of complex variable
Derivatives …
Ex #11(cont.) Path II

𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑰𝑰, 𝚫𝒙 = 𝟎
Δ𝑥 − 𝑖Δ𝑦 0 − 𝑖Δ𝑦
lim = lim
𝛥𝑧→0 𝛥𝑥 + 𝑖Δ𝑦 𝛥𝑦→0 0 + 𝑖Δ𝑦
𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑰, 𝚫𝒚 = 𝟎

−𝑖Δ𝑦 Δ𝑥
= lim = −1
𝛥𝑦→0 𝑖𝛥𝑦

The limit does not exist, i.e., 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛ത is not differentiable.

❑ Functions of complex variable
Derivatives …
Ex #12 Differentiate
𝟏
(a) 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟒𝒛𝟑 + 𝟐 (b) 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒛𝟑 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟒𝒛)
𝒛 −𝟏

Solution

𝟏
(a) 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟒𝒛𝟑 + 𝟐
𝒛 −𝟏

−2𝑧
𝑓′ 𝑧 = 12𝑧 2 + 2 2
𝑧 −1

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑒 …
Thanks for today