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Complex Variable (Mathematics)

This is soft copy of chapter complex variable

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Sagar Chawla
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136 views43 pages

Complex Variable (Mathematics)

This is soft copy of chapter complex variable

Uploaded by

Sagar Chawla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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05 Limit and Continuity 10 si Limit of @ Function 105 ingle-valued function of z defined a re on S which includ nei . Le my ory a be eid, as anal opin alimit L € C as z— %, if given any arbitrary small real number e > 0, there es said to have 570, such that ssid have @)-L Zor that is lim fz) = by and tim f(@) = Lay by # by inp zy ‘Mee, give : 5 % given an arbitrary real number € > 0, there exist real numbers 5, > 0 and 6, > 0, such that 7 Ve)~ 14 it \@)-L | 0 such that + for any arbitrary smal rel numb meee Ona Wie)~ 1] 16, Ate by we substiuie = W. Since E> 0 a6 2+ m, we obtain Safe py Fe, Example 10.21 Using the definition of li n 2-1, ne 1) = 4, on We want to determine areal number 5 > 0 suel V@)~ 11 0, we ne determine 8 0, Functions of a Complex Variable:Analstic Functions \0.33 e+ By 0 such that a given real number €> 0, we want Wis) - Li ‘Therefore, we have |b] Wig) - oy « F +, we need to determine 0, ve have along two different paths, we obtain eS not exist,10.35 Functions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions Bela Jim — = lim | lim, 20 fz] snl the limit does not exist. ; — yy straight line path y = mx (for different values of m we get different paths). der am (i) Consi Hence, > on (Lami)? x? _ (I= my tim e920 (tm)? Ltn Since the limit depends on m and is not unique, the limit does not exist. Consider the path y > 0 followed by x —> 0. We get a aly ety jan Since the limit is not unique, the limit does not exist. jo, x>0, ll, x 0, such that a Ig@) -g@)l 0, we can find a real number &>0, such that YC) - Flee) 0, Hence £(8@) is continuous at z = 2. afb Example 10.28 If the function w = f(2) is continuous at z = zp, then show thatthe fanaa continuous at z = zy, Solution Since W=W5 = W ~ Wy, we have hy ~ wl T= WGI = Ii - Wale zy Therefore, fl} ~ FEM = f(z) ~ fle.)Functions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.37 p= Sea) implies that lim T@ =F&)- the result. «10.26 Show that the functions ences psampl ae sg continuous ation We can write for = (iii) cos 2. for all z. =xtiy, Sol e =e cos y + ie* sin y= u + iv. sin z= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y = u + iv. cos z= cos x cosh y ~ i sin.x sinh y= u + iD. .d functions w and v of two real variables x and y are continuous for all x and y Since the real value¢ functions of a complex variable z are continuous for all 2. sreach case, the given 7 Show that the function /(2) is not continuous at z = 0, where Example 10.2 Im(z) Re(z*) 0 ' >. ara-| el? oo=| ee 77° 0 z=0. 0 220. Solution tim Im(z) y lim : ry el 90-00 Sy? ey? Consider the path y = mx. Then lim im —_- * toe Tye fren x Stem which depends on m. Hence, the limit does not & continuous at y mx m .xist at 2 = 0. Therefore, the function is not (ii) which depends on m, Hence, the limit does not exist at = = 0+ Therefore, the function is not Continuous at z= 0.10,38 Kaglneering, Mathematles Alternative Set z 7 el”, Now, z > 0 implies r > 0. We have con 2 50820. 60520 Which depends on 0, that is on the location of the point on the circle jz] = does not exist at z = 0, the function is not continuous at z = 0. imi, Example 10.28 From the first principles show, that the function /(z) = | in the finite complex plane for any positive integer k. Solution We have | A = ail © [e ~ 29 20) = 2h) | k k=l k k-2 9 k (‘tensa so+(S)e-sa tae +(E Jena Setting 2 ~ Z k k ! k 5 ~ i¢-l-|¢ “())e ‘o+(4) aa (4, Ik ke k | slr e|) lel eol+ IF? jzgl? ++ k-1 | it (ii leal+(, Jetta? +-+{ "irc S Uz] + [rll - leo 0, here exists « rent number 5>0 depending only on € sueh that 0, we 40 sue that uniformly continuous in the region [z] 0, there exists a real number 5> 0, such that yy feb2)~S(2)_ 0 and, Az > 0 respectively From the above two equations, we obtain where Aw = £1) (8G) Ae + & Az] + &; [e/(e) de + 6) Ae} or TESOLO+e where 5= as tag) + em Since € > 0 as AE + 0 and ‘Az > 0, we obtain Wid a ie Bea = S'S). 82) = 1g) ge). Example 10.32 Show that = baat differentiable at z = 0, the function f(z) = 2 is continuous at the point = Solution Let 2 x + ly, Then, 2 = x ~ ty and SO)" E=x— iy be= Ant idy, Te Av idy. Now, lim (2) = tim 9 & MH 0=/0). Fa eo Therefore, f(z) = Z is continuous at z = 0, Now, atz=0 fi = lim 5 2 im £42-f0) 9 ascit a0 Ag Ara Ag av-atuai-vd| Axor TAY Consider now the path »y = mx, We have Ay = mAx, -_ |Functions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.45 pence, > 0 implies Ay + 0. Therefore Tim AZ = jig, Bem ime _1mim a0 Az aro AxtimAx 1+im set depends on™. Thus, the limit does not exist. Therefore, the function f(z) = 7 in not enentible at z= 0. pemark 7 (a) The function f(z) = 7 is not differentiable at any point in the complex plane. (b) Since 2 is not differentiable at any point, any function f(2) is also not differentiable at any point. grample 10.33 Show that the function f(2) =| [is differentiable only at z = 0 and no where else. solution We have f(z) = |z)? = 22. Therefore, n Set Os L02) = jing (z+ Az) (2+ e)—27 a he . Hence, the function f(z) = |z[? is differentiable at z = 0 and ”(0) = faz, lim [7 + Ze) =.2, but tim 4 does not exist (see Example 10.32). Hence, the ‘br90 ‘ 4:30 Az function f(z) = |z[ is not differentiable at z # 0. Fxemple 10.34 Show that the function f(z) = 2, where n is a positive integer is differentiable at ‘ery point in the finite complex plane. Sélution Let z be any point in the finite complex plane. Tn, LE + A2)~ f(z) _ (2+ 2)" - re sGte)n2 ge ea(Jee fre le (ere Gter lar Thing ti Ng limits on both sides as Az > 0, we obtain p, ete Se) dn, = nett Mhettore, e 7(2") = nz"“!, where z is any point in the finite complex plane,’ 10.46 Engineering Mathematics Remark 8 polynomial P,(2) in z is also differentiable at every point in From the above examples, we find that a complex valued Point (see Example 10.34), only at a fixed point (see Example 10.33) or at no p, ‘We now define the important concept of analyticity of a fu Analytic function A function /(2) of a complex variable z is said to be analytic at a point 29, if it ig different the point zy and also at each point in some neighborhood of th Zo means differentiability in some open disk about zp. A function f(z) is said to be analytic D, if it is analytic at every point in D. Note that analyticity implies differentiability but not vicé versa. For example, the function @ ©) differentiable at z = 0 but not analytic anywhere. Gi) FG Point of the finite complex plane. An analytic function is also called an holomorphic function. A ~ Point of the finite complex plane is called an entire function exists at every point, a polynomial of any degtee is an entire function, “A function f(2) is said to be analytic at z = ©, if the fu If the functions f(z) and g(z) are analytic in a domain D, are also analytic in D. Further, the function f(2)/e(z) is analytic at all points z € D for which The composition of two analytic functions is also analytic, We now derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for.a function to be analytic. 10.6.1 Cauchy-Riemann Equations Necessary conditions for a function to be analytic Theorem 10.8 Su neighborhood of the of u(x, y) and v(x, y) exist and satisfy the equations m=, and Hy =-% at the point z, 2", » positive integer, is differentiable at every point in the finit [ef is differentiable only at z = 0 and no where else, Therefore, = 2%, » positive integer, is differentiable at all points and therefore is analytic a cen Pose that the function f(z) = u(x, 5) + iv(x, y) is continuous in 5 Point z= x + iy and is differentiable at z, Then, the first order partial deivativs © comple ex plane, function may hay the finite compl * Plane, © detivativg : t int (see Remarged nection f(2) at a point or in g dom, no he point zo, Thus, analyticity at ¢ a int © in domain the function ig function /(2) which is analytic at evry - Since the derivative of a polynomial nction f(1/z) is analytic at z then the functions f(z) + g(z), lz)g(2) 0. (10.35)a ‘unctions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.47 proof Since: f@) is differentiable at z, we have S£(z+2z)- f(2) az lim, = tim Le Ae yt Ay) + fo (e+ Ae, yt Ay) ~ fle y) +70 (2 ax 70.8740 ‘Ax-+iay (10.36) since the limit exists, it must have the same value independent of the path along which Az —> 0. We consider the following two paths: (i Let Ay — 0 first and then Av —> 0 (Fig. 10.12a). The limit in Eq. (10.36) becomes ye fin [eae ao), ,2ee asa) ql as ar = OH 8 me a (10.37) (x+Axy+dy) 4 ac (et Any+ ss ie : f y+59) ey) o) Fig. 10.12. (a) Path Ay 90, then Ax — 0. (b) Path Ax =» 0, then Ay — 0. @ Since /(2) is differentiable at z, the two limits given in Eqs. (10.37) and (10.38) must be equal. S(@) = lim lay + By) wl) |; | ayo aay a 1m, dv Be _ du | iy + yy (10.38) -—Tetfore, au , 28 ae Oe” By Compar; Paring the real and imaginary parts, we get Qu _ av z= a ox ae yy a»ey WAR Engineering Mathematics or in short notation u, =v, and uy == ye Tho equations given in Eq, (10.35) are called the Cauchy-Riemann equations and are conditions for differentiability and analyticity of the function f(z) at a given point, function /(2) does not satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at a point, it is not diffe hence not analytic at that point, Further, the derivative f’(z) may not exist, even when i Cauehy-Riemann equations, the neces sa Thus, if Tentiable a I Saistes yo Example 10.35 Show that the function Pa +i 1s) Se)= xt : satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations at z = 0 but f’(0) does not exist. Solution Writing f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, »), we get x» & ¥) # (0, 0). Since 0) = 0, we have u(0, 0) = v(0, 0) = 0. Now, as 2 > 0 we obtain at the poin ug = Him M0)=W00.0) _ ae sm Uy) = u(0, 0) _ Py = fim 240) = 000.0) i x moO mor Therefore, at z= 0, u, =, and uy, ‘We now have ‘Uy. Thus, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at Fin LOLO) jg PV Hi? 4), im LDF) 7 290 (7 + yx tip) 0 Vet) = tn ADC + P= iy (EDL? + EH) Tey + HRM iy) ea wy} Choosing the path y = mx, we get Fim LDC t= im) xt dag = LAU + VC —imy (lm?)Functions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.49 ph dap 07 Therefore, the limit does not exist. Hence, f“(0) does not exist. sti : : ie now present the sufficient conditions for a function to be analytic. iniclent conditions for a function to be analytic si 10.9 Suppose that the real and imaginary parts u(x, y) and v(x, y) of the function y) + iv(x, y) are continuous and have continuous first order partial derivatives in a domain iu and v satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at all points in D, then the function f(z) is Pant in D and ‘theore™ SO) = Uy + iD, prot Consider a S-neighborhood of z. Since the partial derivatives of u(x, ») and v(x, ») are continuous, We can WE Au= u(x + dx, y + dy) = us, y) =u, Ax + u, Ay + ede + Edy Av= u(x + Ar, y + Ay) — u(x, y) = 0, Ax + 0, Ay + Ex + Edy — iu, (10.39) here Ej, xy & 9 0 as Ax and Ay > 0. Now, Aw = fle + Az) - f(z) = du + idv = (ug + i0,) Ax + (ty + ivy) Ay + (E+ ies) Ax + (& + ie,) Ay. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations, we obtain Aw = (uz + iv,) Av + (— vy + iu) Ay + (E) + ies) Ax + (& + Gey) AY = (uy + iv,)(Ax + iy) + (€, + ie) Ax + (& + ie) Ay. Hesce, we get [f(z + Az) - [ert L2 a, singe (+169) | 0,— x thy ~ Po = Vig = Mag + Vay Vy May * Po We get Up = Vy 8 Uae * yy = 0, a Uy Ve 88. tae ton = 0. Tateore, U + iV is analytic. 2 _3x2y is harmonic. Find its conjugate u ‘ample 10.87 Show that the function W(x, y) = 28 * L nic function v(x, y) and the corresponding analytic function /(2). Sa Mon We have u(x, y) = 2x + y? — 3x’y. ay? = 3, ty * OY . = Since i ue 2 61, Mae Oy, My : + 6y = it i ic, From the Cauchy-Riemann ton + wy = — 6y + Gy =0, the function u(x, y) is harmonic. From the Cauchy-Rict Ye y* ly We get vam, 2 2 - OF \ | |SS 10.62 Exgineering Mathematics Integrating partially with respect to y, we obtain v= 2y- 37+ 6@) where 9(6) is an arbitrary fimetion of x. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equation », Hs, We got -3¥ +6 W=-Gr-37) or 6’) =3r. Integrating with respect to x, we obtain O(x)=x +c, where c is a constant. Hence, we obtain By tte and u(x, ») + Ce, ») =2x+y? + iQy -3y +8 +0) 2x + iy) +P ~ 3x°y + 10? — 3m) + ic 2 +) + if? — 3y? — 103 ~ 32) + ic = 2x + iy) + ile + ip) + ke Example 1048 Show that the function v(x, ») = e sin y is harmonic. Find its conjugate hamonie function u(x, y) and the corresponding analytic function /(2). 22+ id + ie. Solution We have v(x, y) = e* sin y. Therefore, v= e'siny, », eFsiny, v%=e% cosy, Dy =~ et siny, Since 0, + By 4, = 0,, We get . the given function v(x, y) is harmonic. From the Cauchy, iemann equation = e* cos y. Integrating partially with respect to x, get u(x, y) = e* cos ¥ + O() where $(y) is an arbitrary function of y. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equation u, = — v,, we get ~esiny+ $Q)=-e%siny, or $y) = 0. Integrating with respect to y, we obtain 90) = ¢, ¢ any arbitrary constant. Hence, we obtain u(x, ») = ef cos y + ¢ and S02) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) = e cos y + ie® sin y +e = eM(cos y bi sin y) bem eke” tom ett cnerteaa ‘nctions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.63 imaginary parts of an analytic function, ample 1049 Show that the real and jon in polar form fe) u(r, 8) + iv(r, 8), satisfy the Laplace equ: 2, Fy tay 1 Fy ron 2 aah oe. (10.59) respectively: i ime that i solution ay S at a ee 2%(r, 8) have continuous second order partial derivatives so that tig Hor 20d Pra = Yer Since the function /(z) is analytic, it satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations =Y» and tg =—rv, 1 From u,= = OF Yg= My WE Bet, Ug, = t, + Mp I From ug=— 1B, OF UV, =~ — ile WE Bet, Yip = — le r Since Voy = 2,9» We obtain os o tut 0. Ir bp —— Neg OF ty tT — i,t => My YS i r ee similarly, differentiating u, with respect to 8, up with respect to r and equating the resulting equations, we obtain the second result. Example 10.50 Show that the function u(r, 6)'= r* cos 20 is harmonic, Find its conjugate hamonic function and the corresponding analytic function f(z). Solution We have z = ré® and u(r, 8) = 17 cos 20. — 27 sin 20, tugg = - 47° cos 28. Therefore, uu, = 2r cos 26, ty, = 2 COs 26, Ho Since 4 d+ A gy = 2 c0s 20 + 2 cos 20-4 cos 20= 0, pr the function u(r, 8) satisfies the Laplace equation in polar form and therefore is harmonic. From the Cauchy-Riemann equation Vg = rl, We Bet UY = ru, = 2? cos 28. Inlegrating partially with respect to 8, we obtain vr, 0) = 7 sin 20+ $7) nV, = — — My, We get Where 4(r) is an arbitrary function of r. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equatior ar sin 20 oF g(r) = 0- 2r sin 20+ @ (r) = (r) = ¢, where ¢ is an arbitra a at ‘Megrating with respect to r, we get > v(r, 0) = 7 sin 20 +c ry real constant. Hence, we obtainAO1 ngineering Mathomaties Thoretire, Ne) = ude O) st tv (re O) = 7 cos 20+ ifr? sin 20 +e} = 1? [cos 20+ f sin 20) + ie pall oe + te + ie. Kaumpte (0.81 1a is a harmonic finetion, then show that w = ay uw" is not a harmonic fines, Uunlows wiv constant, ction, Solution Since 1 is an harmonic finction, te -F thy = 0. Now, ne w=? will be a harmon i c func A agg EW yy 0. We have Kdlon Wy Qty Wy Betty aNd Wey 2 UE Qetiggy Woy = UF + 2utiy. ‘Theretiore, Wye H My BUT $a) + utige + ty) = 2(U2 + 12) Now, wy, ty =O, only when uj, = 0 and wy = 0 that is w is a constant function. Hence, w= wis not a harmonic tinetion unless wis a constant, Example 10,52 If /(2) is an analytic function of z, then show that VRE)! = pC = 1) (Re I" YOR, p> 1 where Vis oo. 7 is the Laplacian operator. aw ar Solution Since f(z) = w+ iv is analytic, we have uy = vy 4 and (2) = u, + fo, Now, Re[f(@)] = u. Lo ag * thy = 04 Yq + By = 0 Therefore, VaRe (eyy = Vu] = A (wry +B wry ‘ ax ay = 2 (pu? hy) + - (pu) = pl = 1) WP? (a)? + 0? ug) + p[@ — uP? (ay)? +0?" = ple = tw? (ub tug) + pu! (ug. + yy) = py ~ Vu? (u2 412) = pp ~ 1) (Re EP? Yeh P? Level curves j Let w = flz) > ule, ») + iv (% y) be an analytic function, Then, u(x, y) and v(x, y) are harmonic functions. The curves u(x, ») = p, v(x") = q, where p and q are real constants, are called /evel cues generated by the analytic function f(z). For example, if f(z) then u(x, y) =x and v(x y) =I The level curves are given by x = p and y = q which are straight lines parallel to the »> a” theFunes ivel i inctions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 0.65 avis, respectively, The interesting Property of th £ they form an orthogonal family of curyes” eS evel curves u(x, y)=p and v(x, ») = gq is that . 4 From ur ») =P, We get u, + i herefor, m= Slope of the curve u(x, 3) = p ig fy Hy . dy m v(t, Y) = g, we get vy, + Frot Therefore, mz = slope of the curve v(x, y) = ; @ is ~ v/v, Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations, we have UV, mm, = —1, MyYy Hence, the level curves are orthogonal to each other, Exercise 10.6 1. If u(x, y) = Re(z”) = x? - y?-= and v(x, y) = Im (2) = 3x’y.— y° are harmonic functions in a domain D, show that the function (u, ~ v,) + i(u, + 2) is analytic in D. 2. If fle) is an analytic function, show that | /(2)| is not a harmonic function, 3. If fz) is an analytic function, show that log | /(2)] is a harmonic function. 4. If fz) is an analytic, function, then show that w ~ arg [ f(z)] is a harmonic function. 5. Show that u(x? — y’, 2xy) is harmonic, if and only if u(x, y) is a harmonic function. 6. If (2) is an analytic function of z, then show that V LLse Pl =P Aer? er where v= a + =. Show that the given function u(x, y) is harmonic. Find the corresponding conjugate harmonic function v(x, y) Construct the analytic function fiz) =" + iv. 1 yp -3xy, 8. In (x? +9), Re => 0, % M+ A), 2 #0. 10, ef cos y. ML. sinh x cos y. 12, ¢ [x cos y + y sin y). 13. eo? - y2) cos y — 2xy sin YJ. eg At the given function v(x, y) ia harmonic, Pind the corresponding conjugate harmonic function u(x, y) _ Smstruct the analytic function /(z) = u + i2 M4. y+ ary, 15 In@@+y)exty, 2 #0. 6 ars yh, 2H 0, 17. arg ( ~, therefore, limit does not exist. rt (ii) Set 2 = V/E, 0 ifm > mz does not exist if m 0, lim fle) = (0); continuous. Pa a GeV AT -a =H. 8 fe) 9 ERT 30. f(z) = fli) = 444i. 31. 224i, 32, Not continuous at points where Im(z? + 1) = 0 and Re (2 + 1) $0; x = 0 and Yl? Ly Functic inctions ofa Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.71 ¢ continuous at points where Im ( i sol = 0 and a(t 51) Lo tects ston nF, 1011 im (e+ i=?) =o and Re (e+ I-#) so (0.59) eed s not zero for any z, we get (iP =1-2, of z= (2-129. (10.60) ‘The first condition in Eq (10.59) gives Im(A) = 0, that is, A is real. Therefore, from Eq. (10.60), we | find that z is pure imaginary. Taking z = iy, we obtain Re (+ i-2) =-yt Jl+y? which is | positive for any real y. Thus, the second condition in-Eq, (10.59) is never satisfied. Hence, sin | continuous at all points except at points along the cut as shown in Fig. 10.11 | Eurise 105 Lal = lim [Ares in Problems 1 to 6, , 40 Az LL fim limit does not exist, not differentiable. SoBe + iby Lbs ji 7] = “(2) = 22. ‘ jim, [22 + Ae] = 22, /"@) = 22 dbs fim, Ge? + 3zae + (Ae)"] = siz, s'@) = 32. saat . 4b tim [Pee }: limit does not exist, not differentiable. aoal! de S b= tim sol 2(2 + Az) bee tn] 2 Ar (I= 2)(1= 2= Az) haa m4 ~o. . . Wy 12, 1. i. = 2.10.72. Engineering Mathematics ble only at origin, SO) = 0. sO) = 9 ot satisfied for any point; no where diferent, le. 13. Differential 14, Differentiable only at origin» 15, Cauchy-Riemann equations are ™ Not differentiable any where. 16. 2 17. Differentiable everywhere, S@) =X. 18, Differentiable only at origin, (0) = 0 19. Not differentiable, rerentiable everywhere, /“(2) = ~1/22, 2 #0 Uz, 2 #0, w4y t3yt2 gi = Fa | differentiabl ety tly? SLEW NEE exseol a 22. Not differentiable. 23. s) fferentiable for all z, /“ , 24, Not differentiable. e. Differentiable for all 2, f(z) = 2ze" - 25. f(2) 26. fl) = (PtP =utivs wa (et ¥), v = 0; Cauchy-Riem: origin. 2 ann equations are satisfied oly, aay? 27. fe) =u + iv; = yin arty u way | (x, y) # (0, 0); u(0, 0) = (0, 0) = 0; 1) 1, u4{0, 0) = tim 2O4Y)= WOO.) _ u,(0, 0) = lim aro jim, as 2(4%,0) = 0(0,0) | 2(0, Ay) -0(0,0) ay 240, 0)= fim, 0, ¥(0, 0) = lim an dr The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied. Now lim L@=LO _ 5, Ua2)/A2]-0 Be noe Since the limit does not exist, (0) does not exist. 1 ass 0) 10,0) 9, 28, fle) =u + iv, 0 = sfixy) = viel, v= 0; ¥ = 05 W(0, 0) = 00, 0) = 0; u,(0, 0) = fim, - ' Similarly, we obtai in ws, 0) = 0, v,(0, 0) = 0 and v, (0, 0) = 0, The Cauelhy-Rieman" equi" satisfied gi oo = the origin, Show directly that SO) does not exist. a“ st. ke side, Me + Wy we get /"(2))? = a2 + v2 at ; Ww = au + Uppy = vy ~ dy whieh 8 He } Ket Aw = du + id and de = Ax + iy, N ty. Now tim} Re] 4 a5 RZ] = fim 7, where pe SUA + And ‘ dim, a AU Since te Limit exists, is" 7 (4x)? + (ay)? 4lim i . () Functions 8 ofa Complex Variable: ‘Analytic Functions \0.73 path along which 42 —> 0. We find that we fim} tim 7. and tim T= fi iin sol acon” ~ fity|tim 7] =v, Therefore, wand vy exist and uy" vy, | = lim 7, where T= Avv~ Auay me » where T= AOS Gidy oe if Ma] a0 (4x? (yz Since the limit exists, itis same irrespective of ihe pth along which A= 0. We find that tim 7 = tim| tim 7] = ee a0 bn], mind, jim 7 = lim] dim 7] =~, therefore, Y, and u, exist and v, = — 1, Fu (2, 9P Fu eu ee a @ a) “Reg Sm a? a OF OF Adding the last two equations, we obtain the result. i {av ax , av ay’ fi |(2 +m | You _ lau), 1fav_1av]_ tf au 2) ie x) =a[H tony Ne teeta Sie 2[ ar fay}"2' [a Fay) 2dr ay)” 2\ax a DF

Up, + uy, = 2(~ yyy + x0) My = 21 y ye + Ay, + Puy) + RVG ty = Quy + AGPUyy + uy) ~ 8 ueFunctions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 0.15 Therefore, tee + ty M2 + yy 2? + 2) (gy + yy) = 0. Henee, the result, ferentiate two times and use 2 = Vu 4 a 2 6. PALME] = Woe + veer = (2 vip Be (i + or, ye the results 4, =v, 4, = — 9, u,

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