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Phy 301 Lecture 2 4

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17 views

Phy 301 Lecture 2 4

Uploaded by

talal.saadaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS II!

COMPLEX ALGEBRA!
LECTURE - 2"
Powers and roots of complex functions - Limits of
complex functions - Continuity of complex
functions!
POWERS & ROOTS - a
• The integer powers of a non-zero
iθ
complex number z = re are given by
the equation: "
n
z =r e n inθ
( n=0, ± 1, ± 2,...)
• A useful application of the above
formula is the famous de Moivre formula."
n
( cosθ + i sin θ ) = cos nθ + i sin nθ ( n=0, ± 1, ± 2,...)
POWERS & ROOTS - b"
• With the help of the concept of the complex
power we can define the concept of a
complex root."
• The complex roots of 1 are those complex
numbers which satisfy the relation:"
z n = 1 ( n=0, ± 1, ± 2,...)
• We can show, using the polar form, that the
different n-th roots of 1 are: "
" 2kπ %
z = exp $ i
# n '&
( k = 0, 1, 2,..., n − 1)
POWERS & ROOTS - c"
iθ 0
• Let a complex number z = z e we can
show that the different n-th roots of
this number are given by: "

1/n
' ! θ 2kπ $*
wk = z =n z exp )i # + &, (0 ≤ k ≤ n −1)
("n n %+
Complex Functions -a
• Using complex variables we may construct
complex functions. Any complex function
may be resolved into real and and imaginary
parts."
w = f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv(x, y)

• With u(x,y) and v(x,y) real functions."


• Example: find the real and imaginary parts of the
complex function "
f ( z ) = (x + iy)2
Elementary complex functions-a
• Polynomial functions"
P(z) = an z n + an−1 z n−1 + ... + a0 , n ∈ N, an ≠ 0

• Rational functions"
P(z)
f (z) =
Q(z)
"
where P(z), Q(z) are polynomials"
Complex Functions and Mapping

y v
z-plane! w-plane!

1 2 1 2

x u

• The function" w ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv(x, y)


maps points in the xy-plane into points in the uv-plane

Example: Check the mapping achieved by function iz."


Limit of a complex function-1
• We may define the concept of the limit of a
complex function in a way similar, but not
identical, to the concept of limit in real
functions."
• Let’s assume a complex function f(z) and a
complex number z0=x0+iy0. Then we may
define the following equivalent statements."
Limit of a complex function-2

f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), w0 = u0 + iv0


i) lim f (z)=w0
z→z0

ii) lim u ( x, y) → u0 lim v ( x, y) → v0


x→x0 x→x0
y→y0 y→y0
Limit of a complex function-3!
y"

• In a more mathematical"
language. For any positive δ"
number ε, there is a z0"
z"
positive number δ such O" x"
that: "
" v"
f (z) − w0 < ε
"
when" w" ε"

" 0 < z − z0 < δ w0"


O" u"
Limit of a complex function-4"
theorems!
• Let:" z→lim f (z)=w0 and lim F(z)=W0
z0 z→ z0
then"
" lim [ f (z) + F(z)] =w0 +W0
z→ z0

" lim [ f (z) ⋅ F(z)] =w0W0


z→ z0
"
and if W " 0≠0
" f (z) w0
lim =
z→ z0 F(z) W
0
Limit of a complex function-5"
theorems!
lim z = z0
z→ z0
n
lim z = z
z→ z0
n
0 ( n = 1, 2, ..)
lim c = c
z→ z0

If P(z) = a0 + a1z + a2 z 2 + ... + an z n


lim P(z) = P ( z0 )
z→ z0

If lim f (z) = w0 then lim f (z) = w0


z→ z0 z→ z0
Limit of a complex function-6"
theorems!
• An interesting thing in the theory of
limits in complex analysis is the
treatment of infinity. "
• What actually is the meaning of z → ∞ ?"
• In such a case the treatment is based on
the following relation: "
lim f (z) = w0 if and only if lim f (1 / z) = w0
z→∞ z→0
Show that lim ( 2z + i ) / ( z + 1) = 2
z→ ∞
Continuity of a complex function-a
• A complex function f(z) is said to be continuous at a
point z=z0 if;"
"
I) The function exists (can be defined) at that point"
"
II) " lim f (z) = f (z0 )
z→ z0
"
Conversely if the lim f (z) exists independently of "
z→ z0
"
the direction of approach to z0 then the function is
continuous "
Approaching a complex number
y

δx → 0 z0=(x0,y0)
δy = 0
δx = 0
δy → 0

x
Continuity of a complex function-b!
• A complex function is said to be continuous in a
region R if it is continuous at any point of this region."
• If two complex functions are continuous at a
common point then their sum and product are also
continuous at this point."
• Their ratio is also is continuous at this point if the
denominator is non-zero at this point."
• The composition of two continuous functions is a
continuous function as well."

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