Class

MATHEMATICS - D X

DAY – 1
CLASS - 1
Teachers

 Sarwat Sultana
 Amrita Shahab
Wednesday August 7,  Nawveed Newaz
2024
PROBABILIT
Probability is a study of chances.Yi.e. How likely something is to
happen.
For example, if chance of rain is =
80%

Then chance of no rain is =

20%
TERMINOLOGY OF
PROBABILITY
Experiment: A trial or an operation conducted to produce an outcome is called an experiment.
Very common probability experiments are the experiments with coins,
dice andSpace(S):
Sample cards. Set of all the possible outcomes of an experiment.
For example, the sample space of tossing a coin is
{head, tail}.
Total Outcomes n(S): Total number of all the possible outcomes of an
experiment.
For example, the sample space of tossing a coin is
{head,
Eventtail}.
(E): A subset of the sample space representing certain outcomes.
Therefore
Example: getting head total outcome
or tail when n(S) = 2
toss a coin.
Favorable Outcome n(E): An outcome that produces the desired or expected
consequence.
An event is a subset of the sample
space.
Probability of an
Event as a number between 0 and 1.
Probability of an event is expressed
Probability range for any event ,,

, if and only if is an impossible event(Will never occur).

, if and only if is a certain event(Will definitely occur).

In general, in a sample space with a finite number of equally

likely outcomes , the probability of an event occurring –
P(E) = 𝑛 ( 𝐸)
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛( 𝑆)

Probability formula with the complementary

then P(not E) = 1  P(E) or P(E') = 1 
rule: Whenever an event is the complement of
P(E).
another event, specifically, if E is an event,
P(E) + P(E′) = 1.
Example 1:There are 6 pillows in a bed, 3 are red, 2 are yellow and 1 is blue.
What is the probability of picking a yellow pillow?
Ans: The probability is equal to the number of yellow pillows in the bed divided by the total number of
pillows,
i.e. 2/6 = 1/3 ans
Example 2: A two digit number is formed using the digits 2,3 and 5. repetition of digits is

allowed. Answer (a){22, 23, 25, 32, 33, 35, 52,

(a) List the sample space. 53, 55}
(b) Find the probability that the two-digit number formed-
(i) A prime number (ii) contains the digit “2” (iii) is divisible by 4
(iv) Is divisible by 13 (v) is not divisible by 13
b) (i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v) ans
Probability Diagram

Probability Diagram is used when each outcome of the

sample space has two components.
Example 3: Two fair dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the sum of the
resulting number is
a) odd b) a prime number
a) n(Odd no.) = 18
First dice
n(S)= 36
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 P(Odd no.) = Ans.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b) n(Prime no.) = 15
Second 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
dice n(S)= 36
3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 P(Prime no.) = Ans.

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Example 4:

5 6 7 4 8 12
6 7 8 5 10 15
7 8 9 6 12 18
Example 5: In an experiment, two spinners are constructed with spinning pointers as shown in the
diagrams below. Both pointers are spun. Each time the pointer is spun, it is equally likely to stop at
any sector.
(a) Find the probability that the pointers will point at –
4 (i) Numbers on the spinner whose sum is 6
5 3
(ii) The same number on both the spinners

2 (iii) Different numbers on the spinners

1
(iv) Two different prime numbers
1st Spinner
(b) What is the probability that the number on the first spinner will be
less than the number on the second spinner?
4

5 3

1 2
2nd Spinner
(a) Find the probability that the pointers will point at – (b) What is the probability that (a) (i)
(i) Numbers on the spinner whose sum is 6 the number on the first spinner
will be less than the number on
(ii) The same number on both the spinners
(iii) Different numbers on the spinners
the second spinner? (ii)
1st spinner
(iv) Two different prime numbers
(iii)
1 2 3 4 5
4
(1,
5 3 1
1)
6 OR,
2 2 (2, (2, (2,
1 2 less 6
2nd 2) 3) 5)
spinner
3 (3, (3, (iv)
(3,
4 3 less 2) 3)
5)
3 4 less 6
5
4 less 6 less
(4, (b)
1 2 5 4)
(5, (5,
6 (5,
5 2) 3) less
less 5)
less less
Mutually Exclusive and Independent Events

Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time.
The simplest example of mutually exclusive events is a coin toss. A tossed coin outcome can be either head
or tails, but both outcomes cannot occur simultaneously.
For mutually exclusive events A and B,
……. OR rule.
Two events are independent if the occurrence of one event is unaffected by the occurrence of the
other.
example- obtaining a head on one coin and a tail on another coin when the coins are tossed at the
same time.

For independent events A and B,

………multiplication rule.
Example 6: One ball is selected at random from a bag containing 5 red balls,2 yellow balls
and 4 white balls. Find the probability of selecting a red ball or a white ball.

Ans: The events are mutually exclusive.

ans
Example 7: A fair coin is tossed and a fair die is rolled. Find the probability of obtaining a
“head” and a “six”
Ans: The events are independent.

ans
Practice Ex- 2A,Book 4