Reading and

Writing
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Lesson 1 Text as
Connected
Discourse
Which came First?
"Reading" is the
process of looking at
a series of written
symbols and getting
meaning from them.
"Reading" is the
process of looking at
a series of written
symbols and getting
meaning from them.
Process which in Involve in Reading
Why do you
read?
1. To develop a board
background
2. To anticipate and predict
3. To create motivation and
interest
4. To build a good vocabulary
5. For pleasure and enjoyment
Benefits of Reading
● Reduces stress and helps you relax. ...
● Improves your concentration and
memory. ...
● Vocabulary expansion and strengthens
your writing abilities. ...
● Enhances your knowledge. ...
● Increases your imagination and
creativity.
"Writing" is the process of
using symbols (letters of
the alphabet, punctuation
and spaces) to
communicate thoughts
and ideas in a readable
form.
Why do we write?
1. express
2. describe
3. explore and learn
4. Inform
Text is derived from Latin
word texere, which means
to weave, while discourse
comes from Latin word
discursus, which denotes
conversation speech.
Other definition of text:
1. Merriam Webster defines text as a
piece of writing or speech or the main
body of a printed or written matter on a
page while discourse is defined as the
use of words to exchange thoughts and
ideas.
2. Crystal (1992:72) defines text as a piece
of naturally occurring spoken, written,
or signed discourse identified for
purpose of analysis.
What is discourse?

1. It refers to a unit of language longer than a

single sentence. The word is derived from what
language? Latin dis – means away and rout
word currere meaning to run.
2. Discourse therefore translate to “run away”
and refers to the way that conversation flow.
3. Discourse is a system of thoughts composed
of ideas of action, belief and practices that
systematically construct the subjects and the
world which they speak.
1. Merriam Webster defines discourse
as a long talk of piece of writing
about a subject.
2. Crystal (1992:72) defines discourse as
a continuous strethy of language
larger than a sentence, often
constituting a coherent unit such as
sermon, argument, joke, or narrative.
Text or Discourse?
EXAMPLE OF A TEXT
Connected Discourse or
connected speech in linguistics is
a continuous sequence of sounds
forming utterances or
conversations in spoken
language.
COHERENCE is about how sentence are
arranged and are connected so that the
information or points are properly
understood
Ex. Please speak softly so that John may hear
you.
Analysis:
Please speak softly or John may hear you.
Please speak softly so that John may not hear
you.
Please speak softly for that John may hear you.
TRANSITIONAL WORDS!

1. https://www.mdc.edu/kendall/coll
egeprep/documents2/transitional
%20words%20and%20phrasesre
vised815.pdf
Parallelism shows equal
grammatical structure or pattern to
clearly express ideas which are given
in a series.

1. Balance use of words

2. Balance use of phrases
3. Balance use of Phrases
● Balance Use of Words
■ My friend is honest, sincere, and

humble.
● Balance Use of Phrases
■ Seeing a ghost is believing in a

ghost.
● Balance Use of Clauses
■ The applicant was told that he got

the job and that he could start the

next day.
Example of how elements in a texts are unified.
1. Sentence 1
● I have been to many places in the

Philippines.
2. Sentence 2
● I have already gone to Palawan, Davao,

Cebu, and among others.

3. Combined Sentence
● I have been to many places in the

Philippines. For example, I have

already gone to Palawan, Davao,
Cebu, and among others.
Parallelism is an act of
grammatical balancing. When
two or more ideas are parallel,
they are more easily
understood. For instance, single
words should be balanced with
the single words, phrases with
phrases, an clauses with clauses.
Examples 1

After taking an accounting

class, Laura learned that the
most important things in
finance are balancing
accounts, checking account
balances, and to keep
receipts.
Example 2

Many of the state

universities in Metro Manila
are raising enrollment
numbers and increase
tuition fees for students
from other provinces.
BOARDWORK:

1. Mary enjoys hiking, bicycling, and to go

swimming.
2. While in English class, we learned to
read poems critically, to answer questions
thoughtfully, and we appreciated
literature.
3. By incorporating online resources, by
creating a class chat room, and asking
students to create and edit informative
videos, the class is technology-supported.
4. Michael excelled at clarifying complex
points in his essay and used outlines to
map those points.
5. The production manager was asked to
write his report quickly, thoroughly, and
to be accurate.
6. Ashley said she wanted to be a dancer,
a singer, and to paint.
7. The teacher's lessons focused on
clarifying, illuminating, and how to use
parallelism
SEATWORK:

CHOOSE THE
CORRECT
TRANSITIONAL
WORDS TO
COMPLETE EACH
SENTENCE.
1. (Because, Before) it was raining, I didn’t
walk my dog this evening.
2. You are always late. (On the other hand,
Like), you can be trusted.
3. Johann eats five meals a day (as a result,
despite this) he never gains weight.
4. I live to go to the opera; (in fact, even
though), it's my favorite type of
entertainment.
5. (Although, Even though) there was no
one at home, Knight is not afraid.
SEATWORK
Rewrite the following sentence to make sentence
elements parallel.
1. Kath has been a waitress, a tour guide and
taught in high school
2. This month I need to write a thesis, do a report
and poem.
3. Achieving a post graduate degree is neither
cheap nor will it be easy.
4. Tomorrow, I want to be watching movie and
eat lunch with Tania.
5. Martha likes reading the classic novels and to
listen to radio.
Lesson 2
Techniques in
Organizing
Information
A. Brainstorming is a group of creativity
technique by which efforts are made to find
conclusion for a specific problem by
gathering a list of ideas spontaneously
contributed by its members.

Ways:
1. Cubing

2. Free Writing

3. Listing

4. Mapping
CUBING
FREE WRITING
LISTING
MAPPING
B. Graphic Organizers, also known
as knowledge map, concept map,
1. \
story map, cognitive organizers,
advance organizers, or concepts
diagrams, is a communication tool
that uses visual symbols to express
knowledge, concepts, thoughts, or
ideas and relationship between
them.
1. Concept map
2. Webs
3. Mind Maps
4. Flow Diagram or Sequence Chart
5. Venn Diagram
6. Organizational Chart
7. Pie Chart
8. Graph (Line Graph and Bar Graph)
9. Table
1. Concept Map
Webs
Mind Map
Flow Diagram
Venn Diagram
Organizational Chart
Pie Chart
Graph
Line
C. Outline is the general plan of what you
intend to write.

1. Number-Letter Format
2. Decimal Outline Format
Worksheet

1. What is a graphic organizer?

2. What are its types?
Enumerate five.
● Type:

● Description:
Below is a concept Map. Write as many ideas
you can think of two complete the blank
spaces.
Lesson 3
Patterns in
Development in
Writing
GRAPHIC
ORGANIZERS
HOW WOULD YOU
DESCRIBE YOUR
IDEAL PERSON?
1. Development by Description

Description is the most commonly

Used method of writing a
paragraph. Its purpose is to present
an image or a picture. The writer
should use adjective that will be
able the reader to imagine what the
writer has seen, felt, or has
experienced.
HOW WOULD
YOU DESCRIBE
YOUR
GIRLFRIEND?
1. Be alert with your senses
2. Decide which single impression you will
emphasize
3. Select details that will help convey the desired
description
4. Put thing first
5. Be brief but accurate
6. Use vivid, specific words
7. Use comparisons
8. Use transitional devices and phrases.
2. Development by Narration
A narrative is the most difficult to write compared
to other types of paragraph development.
1. Know what to write
2. Develop a strong topic sentence
3. Choose your materials
4. Organize the events
5. Consider your audience
6. Use dialogue
7. Use figurative language
8. Use narrative details
EXAMPLE
The idea for this book was born one night after
a grueling conversation with my then
eleven-year-old son. He had come home from
his progressive middle school unnaturally quiet
and withdrawn, shrugging off my questions of
concern with uncharacteristic irritability. Where
was the sunny, chatty boy I dropped off that
morning? What had befallen him in the
perilous halls of middle school? I backed off
but kept a close eye on him, watching for
clues.
3. Development by Comparison and Contrast
Comparison means explaining how a thing is
similar to another; contrast explains what a
thing is not like.
1. Things compared should belong to the same class
2. Comparison should be based on the same set measurement –
both items in the comparison must be measured by the same
yardstick.
3. Dangling comparison should be avoided.
4. Use comparative degree in comparing two persons, places, or
things.
5. The superlative used for emphasis only when no comparison is
intended, especially, in a formal and informal speech.
like, similar to, also, unlike, similarly, in
the same way, likewise, again,
compared to, in contrast, in like
manner, contrasted with, on the
contrary, however, although, yet, even
though, still, but, nevertheless,
conversely, at the same time,
regardless, despite, while, on the one
hand … on the other hand.
Private School vs. Public School
“Deciding whether to send a child to public or private
school can be a tough choice for parents. … Data on
whether public or private education is better can be
challenging to find and difficult to understand, and the
cost of private school can be daunting. … According
to the most recent data from the National Center for
Education Statistics, public schools still attract far
more students than private schools, with 50.7 million
students attending public school as of 2018. Private
school enrollment in the fall of 2017 was 5.7 million
students, a number that is down from 6 million in
1999.”
HOW DO YOU
DEFINE LOVE?
4. Development by Definition

This method gives a

satisfaction in explanation of
the meaning of a word and
may point out the special
limitation of its meaning.
Good families prize their rituals. Nothing welds a
family more than these. Rituals are vital especially
for clans without histories because they evoke a
past, imply a future, and hint at continuity. No line
in the seder service at Passover reassures more
than the last: “Next year in Jerusalem!” A clan
becomes more of a clan each time it gathers to
observe a fixed ritual (Christmas, birthdays,
Thanksgiving, and so on), grieves at a funeral
(anyone may come to most funerals; those who do
declare their tribalness), and devises a new rite of
its own.
Equinox breakfasts can be at least as
welding as Memorial Day parades. Several
of my colleagues and I used to meet for
lunch every Pearl Harbor Day, preferably
to eat some politically neutral fare like
smorgasbord, to “forgive” our only
ancestrally Japanese friend, Irene Kubota
Neves. For that and other things we
became, and remain, a sort of family.
5. Development by Classification

It is the act of locating a specimen of all the

different kinds of object which possesses a given
characteristics.
1. Classification places related items into categories
or groups.
2. Only plural subjects can be classifies.
3. The categories should be coordinated, parallel
and must be in the same rank in grammatical
form and in content.
4. The categories must not overlap.
SIGNAL WORDS:

● ANOTHER
● ANOTHER KINDS
● CLASSIFED AS
● FINAL TYPE
● ONE KIND
● THE FIRST
● CATEGORY
● THE LAST GROUP
● THE NEXT PART
GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. WHAT ARE ITS PARTS AND

TYPES?
2. HOW TO SEPARATE?
3. IN WHAT CATEGORIES AN ITS
PARTS OR TYPES CAN BE
ARRANGED?
There are four different types of
earthquakes: tectonic, volcanic, collapse
and explosion. A tectonic earthquake is
one that occurs when the earth's crust
breaks due to geological forces on rocks
and adjoining plates that cause physical
and chemical changes.
WHAT ARE THE CAUSE OF
GLOBAL WARMING?
WHAT ARE ITS EFFECT?
6. Development by Cause and
Effect
It is suitable for
argumentation, exposition and
narration.
7. Development by Analogy
Analogy points out similarity or
differences between things. It
shows point by point comparison of
two things from different classes
but bearing fundamental
similarities.
8. Development by Question
and Answer
This is used for
argumentation and
explanations.
8. Development by Question
and Answer
This is used for
argumentation and
explanations.
9. Development by Example
10. Development by Process Analysis
This paragraph is concerned with HOW topics.
11. Development by Problem and Solution
Worksheet

Create an essay and apply

the pattern of
development that you
have learned in the lesson.
You may choose any topic.
Lesson 4
Properties of a
Well Written Text
A. Organization

A well organization helps to ensure that

the writer is able to effectively
communicate thru clear and logical
pattern what ideas s/he wants to impart
to his or her readers.
• Chronological pattern
• Spatial
• Topical
B. Coherence and cohesion
C. Language Use
Diction is defined as the way
in which words are used in
speech or in writing.
D. Mechanics

1. Subject verb agreement

2. Tense
3. Voice of the verb
4. Capitalization
5. Punctuation mark
6. Writing numbers
Worksheet

1. Define and differentiate

coherence and cohesion.
Lesson 5 Critical
Reading as Looking
for Ways of Thinking
Critical thinking as an extension of critical
thinking.
1. Critical reading is engaging yourself in a text or
any material that you are reading. CRITICAL
means to express criticism or disapproval about
something like a book, movie or piece of art, etc.
2. Critical thinking is more engaging about what
the author or writer is trying to tell you in his/her
writing, or being focused on the intention or the
argument being presented in the material.
3. Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and
rationally, and the ability to understand the
relations of ideas presented.
Critical Thinker possesses the following.

1. Understand the relation of one idea to another

2. Determined and relevance of ideas and
argument
3. Recognizes, builds and appraise arguments
4. Identifies inconsistencies and errors in reasoning
5. Approaches problems in a consistent and
systematic way
6. Reflects on the justification for his own
assumptions, belief, and values
Critical reading strategies

1. Annotating
2. Contextual reading
3. Outlining
4. Summarizing
5. Paraphrasing
6. Comparing and contrasting
7. Evaluating an argument
8. Reflecting on challenges to your belief and values
9. Looking for patterns of opposition
10. Judging the writer’s credibility
11. Exploring the figurative language
12. Recognizing emotional manipulation
SQ3R

1. Survey means to browse nooks to identify

headings and other features of the text.
2. Question to formulate questions about the
text
3. Read is to begin the reading of the material
4. Recite is to answer the questions that have
been formulated in Q
5. Review is by recalling the information the
student has learned.
Explicit and Implicit Information

1. Explicit is a term which means fully

revealed or expressed that there is no
room for any confusion on the writer.
2. Implicit is the opposite of explicit. The idea
is not openly stated and is suggested or
implied.
3. Inference is a conclusion or opinion
formed or based on both information or
evidence and reasoning.
Claims in a Text

1. Claim is an assertion or a declaration

or an affirmation.
2. Fact is a true piece of information,
something that truly exists or happens.
3. Opinion is a belief, a viewpoint or a
way of thinking about something.
Three Types of Claims

1. Claim of Fact
2. Claim of Value
3. Claim of Policy
Lesson 6 Critical
Reading as
Reasoning
Evaluative Statement or Essays present a value
judgement based on a set of criteria.

Three parts of
evaluative essay
The judgement
1.

The criteria
2.

The evidence
3.
Main Components of an Evaluative Essay

1. Introduction
2. Background
Information
3. Criteria
4. Conclusion
Steps in Writing an Evaluative Essay

1. Choose a topic that you have enough

knowledge about.
2. Formulate the thesis.
3. Think of the conditions that you are going to
use to make the judgment.
4. Find supporting evidence to prove your point
of view.
5. Prepare a rough draft; organize the criteria and
evidence found.
6. Follow classic structure: introduction, main
body, and conclusion.
Lesson 7
Determining
Textual Evidence
Textual Evidence is an
evidence in a text, whether
fiction or nonfiction, that a
reader can use to illustrate his or
her ideas and support his or her
claim or evidence.
Types of Textual Evidence

1. Referencing
It is the act of mentioning someone or something like
an event or action in a text.
2. Paraphrasing
An act of explaining an author’s or someone else’s
work in your own words without losing the original idea
of the text.
3. Summarizing
It is stating the essential ideas together in fewer
words.
4. Quoting
It is using the exact words from the original text.
Tips in Using Text to Illustrate your Point

1. Make that the authoritative information that

you use is accurate and relevant to your
point.
2. Integrate direct quotes into the language of
your own writing.
3. Always cite the text and authors you are
using to avoid committing plagiarism.
4. Connect or relate your evidence to your
claim.
5. Choose the type that would strongly
support your claim.
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“This is a quote. Words

full of wisdom that 2.300 1.400
someone important Mercury Saturn

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said and can make the It’s the closest It’s the ringed one
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Our History Our Numbers
Venus has a beautiful name Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet and is the second planet

2005
Mercury
Mercury is the closest
About Our
planet to the Sun
Product
2010 Earth is the third planet from
the Sun and the only one that
Mars
harbors life in the Solar System.
Despite being red, Mars is 40% 60%
actually a cold place This is where we all live on
Mars Venus
Despite being Venus has a
2015 red, Mars is cold beautiful name
Jupiter
Follow the link in the graph to modify its
Jupiter is a gas giant and
data and then paste the new one here. For
the biggest planet
more info, click here

2020
Saturn
Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings
Thanks!
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Saturn is a gas giant Saturn is a gas giant
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