Appendix:Italic Swadesh lists

This is a Swadesh list of Italic languages, specifically Proto-Italic, Latin, Sardinian, Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, South Picene, Aequian and Sicel, compared with that of English.

List

№	English	Proto-Italic edit (207)	Latin Latina edit (207)	Sardinian sardu edit (207)	Faliscan edit (16)	Oscan edit (30)	Umbrian edit (44)	South Picene edit (13)	Aequian edit (1)	Sicel edit (3)	Paelignian edit (5)	Volscian edit (2)	Marrucinian edit (5)
1	I (1sg)	*egō	ego	deo	𐌄𐌒𐌏 (eqo), 𐌄𐌊𐌏 (eko), 𐌄𐌂𐌏 (eco)		𐌌𐌄𐌇𐌄 (mehe)*	𐌄𐌊𐌞 (ekú)
2	you (2sg)	*tū	tu	tue		𐌕𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌌 (tiium), 𐌕𐌉𐌞 (tiú)*, 𐌕𐌉𐌚𐌄𐌉 (tifei), 𐌕𐌚𐌄𐌉 (tfei)*	𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌌 (tiom), 𐌕𐌉𐌖 (tiu), 𐌕𐌉𐌏 (tio)*, 𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌏 (teio)*, 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄 (tefe)*	𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌌 (tiom )*, 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌝 (tefeí), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌇 (tefeh)*
3	he, she, it (3sg)	*is	is*, ea*, id*	issu		𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik)*, 𐌝𐌃𐌉𐌊 (ídik)*	𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek), 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere)						𐌉𐌀𐌚𐌂 (iafc)*, 𐌄𐌔𐌖𐌂 (esuc)*
4	we (1pl)	*nōs	nos	nois
5	you (2pl)	*wōs	vos	bois	𐌖𐌄𐌔 (ues)						𐌖𐌖𐌔 (uus)
6	they (3pl)	*is	ei, ii*, eae*, ea*, iste*, ista*	issos
7	this	*hek(e)	is, hic*, haec*, hoc*	custu			𐌁𐌖𐌄 (bue), 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌖 (estu)*, 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌄 (este)*	𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍 (esmen)*, 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌔 (estas)*
8	that	*esto	is, ille*, illa*, illud*	cuddu						εστι (esti)
9	here	*hek(e)	hic	inoghe	𐌇𐌄𐌂 (hec), 𐌇𐌄 (he), 𐌅𐌄 (fe)
10	there	*iðei	illic, ibi	addaeche			𐌉𐌚𐌄 (ife)
11	who	*kʷis, *kʷoi	quis*, quae*	chie	𐌂𐌖𐌉 (cui)	𐌐𐌉𐌔 (pis), 𐌐𐌀𐌝 (paí), 𐌐𐌀𐌄 (pae)	𐌐𐌉𐌔𐌉 (pisi), 𐌐𐌉𐌛𐌄 (piře), 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌄 (peře ), 𐌐𐌉𐌓𐌔𐌄 (pirse)	𐌐𐌖𐌉𐌇 (puih)			𐌐𐌖𐌖𐌔 (puus)	𐌐𐌉𐌔 (pis)	𐌐𐌉𐌀𐌚𐌔 (piafs)
12	what	*kʷis, *kʷoi	quid	itte, chi	𐌂𐌖𐌉 (cui)	𐌐𐌉𐌃 (pid), 𐌐𐌞𐌃 (púd), 𐌐𐌏𐌃 (pod)	𐌐𐌝𐌃𐌖𐌌 (pídum), 𐌐𐌉𐌛𐌄 (piře), 𐌐𐌉𐌓𐌔𐌄 (pirse), 𐌐𐌏𐌉 (poi), 𐌐𐌏𐌓𐌔𐌄 (porse)	𐌐𐌉𐌃 (pid)			𐌐𐌉𐌃 (pid)	𐌐𐌉𐌔 (pis)	𐌐𐌉𐌔 (pis)
13	where	*kʷāmdō	ubi	ube
14	when	*kʷuðei	cum, quando	cando	𐌂𐌖𐌀𐌍𐌃𐌏 (cuando)	𐌐𐌖𐌚 (puf)	𐌐𐌖𐌚𐌄 (pufe)
15	how	*kʷām	quam, quomodo	comente
16	not	*nē	non, ne	nono		𐌍𐌉 (ni)	𐌍𐌄 (ne)						𐌍𐌉 (ni)
17	all	*opnis	totus, omnes*, omnia*	totu		𐌞𐌉𐌍𐌉𐌌 (úinim)
18	many	*moltos	multus*, multi*, multae*, multa*	tantu
19	some	*partim	aliqui*, aliqua*, aliquod*	carchi
20	few	*paukos	pauci*, paucae*, pauca*	pacu
21	other	*aljos	alter*, altera*, alius	àtteru			𐌀𐌓𐌔𐌉𐌓 (arsir)	𐌀𐌋𐌉𐌄𐌔 (alies)
22	one	*oinos	unus*, una*	unu		𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌖𐌔 (uinus)	𐌖𐌍𐌔 (uns)
23	two	*duō	duo*, duae*	duos	𐌃𐌖𐌏𐌌 (duom)	𐌃𐌖𐌔 (dus)	𐌕𐌖𐌚 (tuf)
24	three	*trēs	tres	tres		𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌔 (trís)	𐌕𐌓𐌄 (tre)
25	four	*kʷettwōr	quattuor	battor		𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌕𐌉𐌖𐌓 (pettiur), 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌀 (petura)	𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓 (petur)
26	five	*kʷenkʷe	quinque	chimbe	𐌂𐌖𐌉𐌂𐌕𐌏 (cuicto), 𐌂𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌂𐌖𐌄 (cuincue)	𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 (pumpe)	𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 (pumpe)
27	big	*magnos	magnus, grandis	mannu
28	long	*dlongos	longus	longu
29	wide	*stlātos	latus, amplus, largus	làrgu
30	thick	*kartsus	creber, crassus, spissus	ispìssu
31	heavy	*gʷrawos	gravis	pesante		𐌁𐌓𐌀𐌅𐌞𐌔 (bravús)*
32	small	*pauros	parvus	pitzinnu
33	short	*breɣʷis	brevis*, curtus*	curtu
34	narrow	*angostos	angustus, strictus*	istrintu
35	thin	*tenwis	tenuis, subtilis, macer, gracilis	suttile
36	woman	*fēmanā	femina, mulier	femina
37	man (adult male)	*wiros	vir	omine		𐌍𐌉𐌉𐌓 (niir)	𐌖𐌉𐌛𐌏 (uiřo), 𐌖𐌄𐌉𐌛𐌏 (ueiřo)*, 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌚 (nerf)*
38	man (human being)	*hemō	homo	persona		𐌕𐌏𐌖𐌕𐌏 (touto)*, 𐌇𐌖𐌌𐌖𐌍𐌔 (humuns), 𐌇𐌖𐌌𐌖 (humu)	𐌇𐌏𐌌𐌏 (homo)
39	child	*puweros	puer, infans	pitzinnu		𐌐𐌖𐌂𐌋𐌖𐌌 (puglum)
40	wife	*uksōr	uxor, mulier	pobidda	𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌓 (uxor), 𐌖𐌗𐌏 (uxo)						𐌖𐌔𐌖𐌓 (usur)
41	husband	*wiros, *nēr	maritus	maridu				𐌍𐌝𐌓 (nír)
42	mother	*mātēr	mater	mama	𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌄 (mate)	𐌌𐌀𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌝𐌔 (maatreís)	𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌓 (matrer)	𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌑𐌇 (matereíh)*
43	father	*patēr	pater	babbu	𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓 (pater)	𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌝𐌓 (patír)		𐌐𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌑𐌇 (patereíh)*	patre*
44	animal	*anamālis	animal	animale
45	fish	*piskis	piscis	pische
46	bird	*awis	avis, aucellus	puzone			𐌀𐌅𐌄𐌔 (aves)*, 𐌀𐌅𐌉𐌚 (avif)*
47	dog	*kō	canis	cane
48	louse	*pezdis	pedis, pediculus	peugu
49	snake	*anɣʷis	serpens, anguis	serpente
50	worm	*wormis	vermis	berme
51	tree	*arðōs	arbor	alvure
52	forest	*selwā	silva	buscu
53	stick	*bakklom	baculum, palus	bastone
54	fruit	*poomos	fructus, frux	frutta
55	seed	*sēmən	semen	semene
56	leaf	*folyom	folium	foza
57	root	*wrādīks	radix	raighina
58	bark (of a tree)	*korteks	cortex	iscortza
59	flower	*flōs	flos	flore		𐌚𐌋𐌖𐌖𐌔𐌀𐌉 (fluusai)
60	grass	*grāmen	herba	erva
61	rope	*fuðnis	funis, restis, chorda	corda
62	skin	*pelnis	cutis	pedde
63	meat	*karō	caro	petta		𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖 (karu)	𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖 (karu)
64	blood	*sangwens	sanguis, cruor	sambene
65	bone	*os	os	ossu
66	fat (noun)	*pinɣʷe	adeps, pinguamen, grassus	grassu
67	egg	*ōwom	ovum	ou
68	horn	*kornū	cornu	corru
69	tail	*kaudā	cauda	coa
70	feather	*plow(k)smā	penna, pluma	pinna
71	hair	*kriznis	capillus, coma, pilus	pilos
72	head	*kaput	caput	conca
73	ear	*auzis	auris	orija
74	eye	*okʷelos	oculus	oju
75	nose	*nās	nasus, naris	nasu
76	mouth	*ōs	os	bucca
77	tooth	*dents	dens	dente		𐌃𐌖𐌍𐌕𐌄 (dunte)
78	tongue (organ)	*denɣwā	lingua	limba		𐌚𐌀𐌍𐌂𐌅𐌀𐌌 (fangvam)*
79	fingernail	*ungus	unguis	ugna
80	foot	*peds	pes	pe’			𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌉 (peři)
81	leg	*krūs	crus	camba
82	knee	*genū	genu	benuju
83	hand	*manus	manus	manu				𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌖𐌔 (manus)
84	wing	*akslā	ala	ala
85	belly	*wendtris	venter, abdomen	panza
86	guts	*laktis	viscera, chorda	bolloros
87	neck	*kʷolzom	collum, cervix, nucha*	collu
88	back	*dorsom	dorsum, tergum	ischina
89	breast	*pektos	pectus, mamma, sinus	pettus
90	heart	*kord	cor	coro
91	liver	*jekʷor	iecur	fidigu
92	to drink	*pibō	bibo	biere						πιβε (pibe)*
93	to eat	*manðō	edo	pappare
94	to bite	*mordeō	mordeo	mordere
95	to suck	*sowgō	sugo	suere
96	to spit	*spujō	spuo	istuppiare			𐌁𐌄𐌓𐌅𐌀 (berva)*
97	to vomit	*wemō	vomo	istercorare
98	to blow	*speizō	flo, sufflo, inflo	buffare
99	to breathe	*flaō	respiro	respirare
100	to laugh	*reideō	rideo	riere
101	to see	*widēō	video	vìdere				𐌅𐌉𐌃𐌄𐌕𐌀𐌔 (videtas)*
102	to hear	*awizdjō	audio	sentire
103	to know	*skijō	scio	ischire
104	to think	*rēōr	cogito, puto, existimo	pensare
105	to smell	*odō	olfacio	annajare
106	to fear	*werēōr	timeo	timere
107	to sleep	*swepjō	dormio	dormire
108	to live	*gʷīwō	vivo	vivere
109	to die	*morjōr	morior	morrere
110	to kill	*nekō	neco, occido	occhiere, abbutzianare
111	to fight	*pugnō	luctor, pugno	cumbattere
112	to hunt	*weynor	venor	catzare
113	to hit	*ferjō	pello, pulso	colpare
114	to cut	*kaidō, *skindō	seco, caedo	tagliare, mutzare
115	to split	*findō	divido, scindo	dividire, ispartzire
116	to stab	*pungō	pungo	pugnalare, istoccadare
117	to scratch	*skaβō	scabo, rado	iscarrafare
118	to dig	*fodjō	fodio	iscavare
119	to swim	*snāō	no, nato	nadare
120	to fly	*gʷelajō	volo	bolare
121	to walk	*kezdō, *eō	ambulo	caminare			𐌀𐌌𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌖 (amprehtu)*
122	to come	*gʷenjō	venio	bennere			𐌁𐌄𐌍𐌖𐌔 (benus)*
123	to lie (as in a bed)	*jakēō	cubo, iaceo	giacchire	𐌋𐌄𐌂𐌄𐌕 (lecet)*, 𐌂𐌖𐌐𐌀𐌕 (cupat)*
124	to sit	*sedēō	sedeo	sentare
125	to stand	*staēō	sto	istare in cambas
126	to turn (intransitive)	*wertō	verto, gyro	boltare			preuendu*, ahauendu*
127	to fall	*kadō	cado	ruere
128	to give	*didō	do	dare	𐌃𐌖𐌏 (duo)*	𐌃𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌃 (deded)	𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌖 (titu)*, dia*
129	to hold	*haβēō	teneo	tennere	𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌕 (tenet)*
130	to squeeze	*premō	primo, exprimo, stringo	ispremere
131	to rub	*terō	frico, tero	frigare
132	to wash	*lawāō	lavo	illoddiare
133	to wipe	*tergēō	tergeo	assugare
134	to pull	*traɣō	traho	tirare
135	to push	*worgēō	pello	ispinghere		𐌀𐌂𐌕𐌖𐌃 (agtud)	𐌀𐌉𐌕𐌖 (aitu)
136	to throw	*jakjō	iacio	frundire
137	to tie	*leigāō	ligo	ligare			𐌀𐌚𐌉𐌊𐌕𐌖 (afiktu)
138	to sew	*sūō	suo, consuo	cosire
139	to count	*nomezō	computo, numero	contare
140	to say	*deikō	dicio	narrere
141	to sing	*kanō	cano	cantare
142	to play	*loidō	ludo	giogare
143	to float	*flowitō	fluctuo, fluito	gallizare
144	to flow	*flūō	fluo	iscurrere
145	to freeze	*frīgēō, *gelō	gelo	astragare
146	to swell	*tumēō	augeo, tumeo	abburvuddare
147	sun	*swōl	sol	sole
148	moon	*louksnā	luna	luna			𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌄𐌍 (menzen), 𐌋𐌏𐌏𐌇𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌀 (loohsnaa)
149	star	*stērolā	stella	isteddu
150	water	*akʷā	aqua	abba		𐌀𐌀𐌐𐌀𐌌 (aapam)*	𐌖𐌕𐌖𐌓 (utur)
151	rain	*plowjā	pluvia	pioza
152	river	*flowmən	flumen, fluvius, amnis	flumene
153	lake	*lakus	lacus	lagu
154	sea	*mari	mare	mare
155	salt	*sāls	sal	sale			salom
156	stone	*lapis	saxum, lapis, petra	pedra
157	sand	*sabolom	harena	rena
158	dust	*polwis	pulvis	pruine
159	earth	*terzā	humus, terra, ager	terra
160	cloud	*nouðetis	nubes, nebula	nue
161	fog	*neβelā	caligo, nebula, tenebrae	neula
162	sky	*kailom	caelum	chelu
163	wind	*wentos	ventus	bentu
164	snow	*sniks	nix	nie
165	ice	*gelus	glacies, gelu	ghiatzu, astragu
166	smoke	*fūmos	fumus	fumu
167	fire	*əngʷnis	ignis	fogu			𐌐𐌉𐌓 (pir)
168	ash	*kenis	cinis	chisina
169	to burn	*ouzō	uro, flammo	fogulare
170	road	*wijā	via, strata	istrada				𐌅𐌝𐌀𐌌 (víam)*
171	mountain	*monts	mons	monte			𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌉𐌐𐌄𐌓 (ukriper)						𐌏𐌂𐌓𐌄𐌔 (ocres)
172	red	*ruðros	ruber, vermiculus, rufus	ruiu			𐌓𐌖𐌚𐌓𐌖 (rufru)
173	green	*weyziðis	viridis	birde
174	yellow	*flāwos	croceus, flavus, galbinus	grogu, giallu
175	white	*alβos	albus, candidus	arvu			𐌀𐌋𐌚𐌖 (alfu)
176	black	*niɣros	ater, niger	nieddu			𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌖 (atru)*, adro
177	night	*nokts	nox	notte
178	day	*djous	dies	die
179	year	*wetos	annus	annu			𐌀𐌂𐌍𐌖 (acnu)*
180	warm	*kaliðos	calidus	calidu
181	cold	*frīgos	frigidus	frittu
182	full	*plēnos	plenus	pienu
183	new	*nowos	novus	nou		𐌍𐌞 (nú)
184	old	*senos	vetus	betzu			𐌚𐌖𐌍𐌉𐌓 (funir)
185	good	*dwenos	bonus	bonu	𐌃𐌖𐌄𐌍𐌏𐌌 (duenom)*, 𐌃𐌖𐌄𐌍𐌀𐌔 (duenas)*		𐌂𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌀𐌔 (cupras)	𐌊𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌝 (kuprí), 𐌒𐌖𐌐𐌝𐌓𐌝𐌇 (qupíríh)		κυπαρα (kupara)*
186	bad	*malos	malus	malosu
187	rotten	*pūtos	putridus	martzu
188	dirty	*swerdiðos	sordidus, immundus	isporcu
189	straight	*rektos	rectus	drittu
190	round	*rotontnos	rotundus	redundu
191	sharp (as a knife)	*akowtos	acer, acutus	arrodadu		𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌉 (akri)
192	dull (as a knife)	*heβes	hebes, retusus	atturussu
193	smooth	*lēnis	levis, suavis	liju
194	wet	*wegmiðos	umidus, aqueus	bagnadu
195	dry	*seikkos	siccus	siccu
196	correct	*wēros	rectus, correctus	giustu
197	near	*prokʷe	propinquus, proximus, iuxta	affacca
198	far	*prokol	procul, laxius, longus	addae
199	right	*deksteros	dexter	dresta			𐌕𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌊𐌖 (testruku)
200	left	*laiwos	laevus, sinister	manca
201	at	*ad	in, ad*	a		𐌀𐌆 (az)	-𐌀𐌛 (-ař)
202	in	*en	in	in
203	with	*kom	cum, apud*	cun			𐌐𐌖𐌛𐌄 (puře)
204	and	*et	et, -que	e	-𐌂𐌖𐌄 (-cue)	-𐌐𐌄 (-pe), -𐌐 (-p)	𐌄𐌕 (et), -𐌐 (-p)				𐌄𐌕 (et)
205	if	*sei	si	si		𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí)
206	because	*kʷod	quia, quoniam, quod	pro itte
207	name	*nōmn̥	nomen	nomene			𐌍𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌌 (numem), 𐌍𐌏𐌌𐌄 (nome)

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Ashkun Akkadian Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Antillean Creole Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Armenian Old Armenian Aromanian Assamese Asturian Avar Avestan Awadhi Fiji Hindi Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Moroccan Amazigh Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Tuareg Kabyle Tarifit Bhojpuri Breton Buginese Bulgarian Burmese Burushaski Cantonese Cape Verdean Carpathian Rusyn Catalan Cebuano Celtiberian Central Bikol Chambeali Chamorro Chavacano Chechen Cornish Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dhivehi Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Zealandic Egyptian English Middle English Old English Elamite Estonian Etruscan Even Evenki Faliscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Middle French Old French Frisian West Frisian Friulian Galician Gallo Gan Garo Garhwali Gaulish Galatian Gelao Georgian Old Georgian German Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Mariupol Greek Mycenaean Greek Guaraní Guinea-Bissau Creole Gujarati Haitian Creole Hakka Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Biblical Hebrew Modern Hebrew Hindi Hindustani Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Ilocano Ingush Irish Old Irish Classical Gaelic Italian Jamaican Creole Japanese Old Japanese Classical Japanese Jaunsari Javanese Jeju Jizhao Kannada Kapampangan Kashubian Kashmiri Katë Kazakh Khmer Komi-Zyrian Konkani Korean Middle Korean Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Kurukh Kusunda Kyrgyz Ladino Latin Vulgar Latin Latvian Latgalian Ligurian Lepontic Lingala Linngithigh Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Lower Sorbian Luwian Macedonian Maguindanao Maithili Makasar Malagasy Malay Betawi Indonesian Musi Malayalam Maltese Manchu Mandarin Standard Mandarin Sichuanese Nanjing Mandarin Mandaic Manx Māori Maranao Marathi Old Marathi Mauritian Creole Megleno-Romanian Meitei/Manipuri Middle Chinese Min Hokkien Eastern Min Mingrelian Mongolian Mokilese Muong Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Northern Mansi Nihali Nuristani Kalasha Occitan Odia Ojibwe Okinawan Old Chinese Old Norse Old Prussian Old Tupi Oscan Osing Ossetian Papiamento Pashto Persian Middle Persian Old Persian Phrygian Pirahã Polabian Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Prasun Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Romani Caló Romanian Russian Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Siberian Tatar Sicilian Silesian Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Old Spanish Sranan Sumerian Sundanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tajik Talysh Tamil Tatar Telugu Temiar Tetum Tigrinya Tiwi Thai Tocharian A Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Torwali Tregami Tswana Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Udi Caucasian Albanian Ukrainian Umbrian Upper Sorbian Urdu Uyghur Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Waray-Waray Welsh Wu Wutun Yiddish Yola Zazaki Zulu Xiang ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Albanian Algonquian and Iroquoian Anatolian Arabic Armenian Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Balto-Slavic Baltic Slavic Bantu Berber Celtic Brythonic Goidelic Continental Celtic Chumashan and Hokan Dené–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Germanic West North Hellenic Hmong-Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Nuristani Italic Romance Sabellic Japonic Kartvelian Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Tocharian Tyrsenian Slavic East West South Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Lidepla Lojban Toki Pona
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Albanian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Proto-West Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Proto-Iranian Proto-Nuristani Proto-Italic Proto-Japonic Proto-Mayan Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-Tai Proto-Tocharian
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