Appendix:Waigali Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Waigali, compared with definitions in English. Waigali is also known as Nuristani Kalasha or Kalaṣa-alâ.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]A = Ameshdesh dialect, N = Nisheigram dialect, W = Waigal dialect, Z = Zhonchigal dialect
| № | English | Waigali Kalaṣa-alâ edit (201) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | aka (A), aṅa (N) | /aˈka/, /aˈŋa/ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | tü (N) | /ˈt̪y/ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | iki, se (A), äli, iyi, sa (N), i, se (W) | /iˈki/, /ˈse/, /æˈl̪i/, /iˈji/, /ˈsa/, /ˈi/, /ˈse/ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | yama (A), ämi (N), yama (W) | /jaˈma/, /æˈmi/, /jaˈma/ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | vi (N) | /ˈβi/ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | ämine, yẽ, tẽ (N) | /æmiˈn̪e/, /ˈjẽ/, /ˈt̪ẽ/ |
| 7 | this | äli (N) | /æˈl̪i/ |
| 8 | that | iki, se (A), iyi, sa (N), i, se (W) | /iˈki/, /ˈse/, /iˈji/, /ˈsa/, /ˈi/, /ˈse/ |
| 9 | here | ativ (N) | /aˈt̪iβ/ |
| 10 | there | atuyv (N) | /aˈt̪ui̯β/ |
| 11 | who | kãy, kňãy (N), ki (W) | /ˈkãi̯/, /ˈkɹ̃ãi̯/, /ˈki/ |
| 12 | what | kiš (N), kas (W) | /ˈkiɕ/, /ˈkas/ |
| 13 | where | kiv (N) | /ˈkiβ/ |
| 14 | when | kivi (N) | /ˈkiβi/ |
| 15 | how | keniṅ (N) | /ˈken̪iŋ/ |
| 16 | not | na (N) | /ˈn̪a/ |
| 17 | all | parista, sabijag (N) | /paɾisˈt̪a/, /sabiˈd͡ʑaɡ/ |
| 18 | many | öčü (N) | /øˈt͡ɕy/ |
| 19 | some | kemti (N) | /ˈkemt̪i/ |
| 20 | few | emtyog (N) | /ˈemt̪joɡ/ |
| 21 | other | jāta (N) | /d͡ʑaːˈt̪a/ |
| 22 | one | ev (N) | /eβ/ |
| 23 | two | dü (N) | /ˈd̪y/ |
| 24 | three | tre (N) | /ˈt̪ɾe/ |
| 25 | four | čatā (N) | /t͡ɕaˈt̪aː/ |
| 26 | five | pũč (N) | /ˈpũt͡ɕ/ |
| 27 | big | gaṇi (N) | /ɡaˈɳi/ |
| 28 | long | drigala (N) | /d̪ɾiɡaˈl̪a/ |
| 29 | wide | vište (N) | /βiɕˈt̪e/ |
| 30 | thick | bukuṭa (N) | /bukuˈʈa/ |
| 31 | heavy | ganala (N) | /ɡan̪aˈl̪a/ |
| 32 | small | ćiki (N) | /t͡siˈki/ |
| 33 | short | toora (N) | /t̪ooˈɾa/ |
| 34 | narrow | avře (N) | /aβˈɹe/ |
| 35 | thin | tũka (N) | /t̪ũˈka/ |
| 36 | woman | meši (N), däbili (W) | /meˈɕi/, /dæbiˈl̪i/ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | māč (A, N, W), muša (N) | /ˈmaːt͡ɕ/, /muˈɕa/ |
| 38 | man (human being) | manaṣ (N) | /maˈn̪aʂ/ |
| 39 | child | křo (N) | /ˈkɹo/ |
| 40 | wife | ištri (A), ištrigišti (N), ištra (W) | /iɕˈt̪ɾi/, /iɕt̪ɾiɡiɕˈt̪i/, /iɕˈt̪ɾa/ |
| 41 | husband | māč (A, N, W) | /ˈmaːt͡ɕ/ |
| 42 | mother | yẽy (A), yey (N), ey (W) | /ˈjẽi̯/, /ˈjei̯/, /ˈei̯/ |
| 43 | father | tāta (A), tāti (N), tata (W) | /t̪aːˈt̪a/, /t̪aːˈt̪i/, /t̪aˈt̪a/ |
| 44 | animal | adātila (N) | /ad̪aːt̪iˈl̪a/ |
| 45 | fish | mać (N) | /ˈmat͡s/ |
| 46 | bird | niṅaća (N) | /n̪iŋaˈt͡sa/ |
| 47 | dog | ćũ (N) | /ˈt͡sũ/ |
| 48 | louse | yü (N) | /ˈjy/ |
| 49 | snake | koṣ (N) | /ˈkoʂ/ |
| 50 | worm | gok (N) | /ˈɡok/ |
| 51 | tree | jala (N) | /d͡ʑaˈl̪a/ |
| 52 | forest | ban (N) | /ˈban̪/ |
| 53 | stick | ḍun (N) | /ˈɖun̪/ |
| 54 | fruit | meva (N) | /meˈβa/ |
| 55 | seed | bi (N) | /ˈbi/ |
| 56 | leaf | poṭ (N) | /ˈpoʈ/ |
| 57 | root | kov (N) | /ˈkoβ/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | či (N) | /ˈt͡ɕi/ |
| 59 | flower | püš (N) | /ˈpyɕ/ |
| 60 | grass | yus (N) | /ˈjus/ |
| 61 | rope | ütrig (N) | /yt̪ˈɾiɡ/ |
| 62 | skin | čām (N) | /ˈt͡ɕaːm/ |
| 63 | meat | andā (N) | /an̪ˈd̪aː/ |
| 64 | blood | lay (N) | /ˈl̪ai̯/ |
| 65 | bone | aṭi (N) | /aˈʈi/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | sakā (N) | /saˈkaː/ |
| 67 | egg | vřāv (N) | /ˈβɹaːβ/ |
| 68 | horn | ṣiṅ (N) | /ˈʂiŋ/ |
| 69 | tail | ṭuṅtä (N) | /ʈuŋˈt̪æ/ |
| 70 | feather | paṭä (N) | /paˈʈæ/ |
| 71 | hair | kẽć (N) | /ˈkẽt͡s/ |
| 72 | head | ṣay (N) | /ˈʂai̯/ |
| 73 | ear | kār (N) | /ˈkaːɾ/ |
| 74 | eye | ačẽ (N) | /aˈt͡ɕẽ/ |
| 75 | nose | nās (N) | /ˈn̪aːs/ |
| 76 | mouth | āš (N) | /ˈaːɕ/ |
| 77 | tooth | dũt (N) | /ˈd̪ũt̪/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | jip (N) | /ˈd͡ʑip/ |
| 79 | fingernail | nuča (N) | /ˈn̪ut͡ɕa/ |
| 80 | foot | kür (N) | /ˈkyɾ/ |
| 81 | leg | kür (N) | /ˈkyɾ/ |
| 82 | knee | aṣaṅa (N) | /aʂaˈŋa/ |
| 83 | hand | dost (N), dōšt (Z) | /ˈd̪ost̪/, /ˈd̪oːɕt̪/ |
| 84 | wing | paṭä (N) | /paˈʈæ/ |
| 85 | belly | küć (N) | /ˈkyt͡s/ |
| 86 | guts | vřu (N), ẓū (Z) | /ˈβɹu/, /ˈʐuː/ |
| 87 | neck | kusa (N) | /kuˈsa/ |
| 88 | back | üc̣ẽ (N) | /yˈʈ͡ʂẽ/ |
| 89 | breast | čüčü (N) | /t͡ɕyˈt͡ɕy/ |
| 90 | heart | zö (N) | /ˈzø/ |
| 91 | liver | yok (N) | /ˈjok/ |
| 92 | to drink | piya- (N) | /piˈja/ |
| 93 | to eat | ya- (N) | /ˈja/ |
| 94 | to bite | dama- (N) | /d̪aˈma/ |
| 95 | to suck | ||
| 96 | to spit | tük ća- (N) | /ˈt̪yk t͡sa/ |
| 97 | to vomit | odata- (N) | /od̪aˈt̪a/ |
| 98 | to blow | puṇa- (N) | /puˈɳa/ |
| 99 | to breathe | ṣö̃ kaṣa- (N) | /ˈʂø̃ kaʂa/ |
| 100 | to laugh | kana- (N), kani- (W) | /kaˈn̪a/, /kaˈn̪i/ |
| 101 | to see | vňe- (N) | /ˈβɹ̃e/ |
| 102 | to hear | akār data- (N) | /aˈkaːɾ d̪at̪a/ |
| 103 | to know | niṅa- (N), zëň- (Z) | /n̪iˈŋa/, /zəɹ̃/ |
| 104 | to think | bata- (N) | /baˈt̪a/ |
| 105 | to smell | gun ća- (N) | /ˈɡun̪ t͡sa/ |
| 106 | to fear | vida- (N) | /βiˈd̪a/ |
| 107 | to sleep | proš di- (N) | /ˈpɾoɕ d̪i/ |
| 108 | to live | jẽta ti- (N) | /d͡ʑẽˈt̪a t̪i/ |
| 109 | to die | mrẽ- (N) | /ˈmɾẽ/ |
| 110 | to kill | ẓā̃- (N) | /ˈʐãː/ |
| 111 | to fight | ṣoč ća- (N) | /ˈʂot͡ɕ t͡sa/ |
| 112 | to hunt | mray ća- (N) | /ˈmɾai̯ t͡sa/ |
| 113 | to hit | ve- (N) | /ˈβe/ |
| 114 | to cut | ćina- (N) | /t͡siˈn̪a/ |
| 115 | to split | vića- (N) | /βiˈt͡sa/ |
| 116 | to stab | pravā data- (N) | /pɾaˈβaː d̪at̪a/ |
| 117 | to scratch | kučā- (N) | /kuˈt͡ɕaː/ |
| 118 | to dig | kuča- (N) | /kuˈt͡ɕa/ |
| 119 | to swim | āv nāṭ ća- (N) | /ˈaːβ n̪aːʈ t͡sa/ |
| 120 | to fly | osta- (N) | /osˈt̪a/ |
| 121 | to walk | e- (N) | /ˈe/ |
| 122 | to come | e- (N) | /ˈe/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | paṣ tā- (N) | /ˈpaʂ t̪aː/ |
| 124 | to sit | niše- (N) | /n̪iˈɕe/ |
| 125 | to stand | üte- (N) | /yˈt̪e/ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | piliṅa- (N) | /pil̪iˈŋa/ |
| 127 | to fall | damaka- (N) | /d̪amaˈka/ |
| 128 | to give | pra- (N) | /ˈpɾa/ |
| 129 | to hold | dama- (N) | /d̪aˈma/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | lipičkā- (N) | /l̪ipit͡ɕˈkaː/ |
| 131 | to rub | lipā- (N) | /l̪iˈpaː/ |
| 132 | to wash | pala- (N) | /paˈl̪a/ |
| 133 | to wipe | kaṣā- (N) | /kaˈʂaː/ |
| 134 | to pull | kaṣā- (N) | /kaˈʂaː/ |
| 135 | to push | lipičkā- (N) | /l̪ipit͡ɕˈkaː/ |
| 136 | to throw | arā- (N) | /aˈɾaː/ |
| 137 | to tie | graṇṭa- (N) | /ɡɾaɳˈʈa/ |
| 138 | to sew | šüva- (N) | /ɕyˈβa/ |
| 139 | to count | gaṇa tā- (N) | /ɡaˈɳa t̪aː/ |
| 140 | to say | ća- (N) | /ˈt͡sa/ |
| 141 | to sing | alol ća- (N) | /al̪ˈol̪ t͡sa/ |
| 142 | to play | müṣāp ća- (N) | /myˈʂaːp t͡sa/ |
| 143 | to float | ||
| 144 | to flow | ||
| 145 | to freeze | ||
| 146 | to swell | puṇa- (N) | /puˈɳa/ |
| 147 | sun | sö (N) | /ˈsø/ |
| 148 | moon | mās (N) | /ˈmaːs/ |
| 149 | star | tāra (N) | /t̪aːˈɾa/ |
| 150 | water | āv (N) | /ˈaːβ/ |
| 151 | rain | oṣit (N), oṣit (W) | /oˈʂit̪/, /ˈβaʂ/ |
| 152 | river | golāv (N) | /ɡoˈl̪aːβ/ |
| 153 | lake | sor (N) | /ˈsoɾ/ |
| 154 | sea | ||
| 155 | salt | vřug (N) | /ˈβɹuɡ/ |
| 156 | stone | vāṭ (N) | /ˈβaːʈ/ |
| 157 | sand | šo (N) | /ˈɕo/ |
| 158 | dust | pasalä (N) | /pasaˈl̪æ/ |
| 159 | earth | büm (N) | /ˈbym/ |
| 160 | cloud | nāli (N) | /n̪aːˈl̪i/ |
| 161 | fog | dümüč (N) | /d̪yˈmyt͡ɕ/ |
| 162 | sky | dilu (N) | /d̪iˈl̪u/ |
| 163 | wind | bās (N) | /ˈbaːs/ |
| 164 | snow | zim (N) | /ˈzim/ |
| 165 | ice | āc̣ama (N) | /aːʈ͡ʂaˈma/ |
| 166 | smoke | düm (N), dǖm (Z) | /ˈd̪ym/, /ˈd̪yːm/ |
| 167 | fire | ā̃y (N) | /ˈãːi̯/ |
| 168 | ash | āsa (N) | /aːˈsa/ |
| 169 | to burn | lüṣṭa bi- (N) | /l̪yˈʂʈa bi/ |
| 170 | road | pũt (N) | /ˈpũt̪/ |
| 171 | mountain | dā (N) | /ˈd̪aː/ |
| 172 | red | laylaysta (N) | /l̪ai̯l̪ai̯ˈst̪a/ |
| 173 | green | arida, kövẽ (N) | /aɾiˈd̪a/, /køˈβẽ/ |
| 174 | yellow | arida, mac̣arẽ (N) | /aɾiˈd̪a/, /maʈ͡ʂaˈɾẽ/ |
| 175 | white | kašira (N) | /kaɕiˈɾa/ |
| 176 | black | kāča (N) | /kaːˈt͡ɕa/ |
| 177 | night | vātr (N) | /ˈβaːt̪ɾ/ |
| 178 | day | vās (N) | /ˈβaːs/ |
| 179 | year | vel (N) | /ˈβel̪/ |
| 180 | warm | tape (N) | /t̪aˈpe/ |
| 181 | cold | yoz (N) | /ˈjoz/ |
| 182 | full | parasta (N) | /paɾaˈst̪a/ |
| 183 | new | nuṅa (N) | /n̪uˈŋa/ |
| 184 | old | ḍega (N) | /ɖeˈɡa/ |
| 185 | good | jäy (N) | /ˈd͡ʑæi̯/ |
| 186 | bad | apala (N) | /apaˈl̪a/ |
| 187 | rotten | čükürala, pukāla (N) | /t͡ɕykyɾaˈl̪a/, /pukaːˈl̪a/ |
| 188 | dirty | ||
| 189 | straight | üjā̃ka (N) | /yd͡ʑãːˈka/ |
| 190 | round | puṇḍura (N) | /puɳɖuˈɾa/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ćaṭaka (N) | /t͡saʈaˈka/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | buka (N) | /buˈka/ |
| 193 | smooth | sirikana (N) | /siɾikaˈn̪a/ |
| 194 | wet | trüpala (N) | /t̪ɾypaˈl̪a/ |
| 195 | dry | deňä (N) | /d̪eˈɹ̃æ/ |
| 196 | correct | lādbāṣ (N) | /l̪aːd̪ˈbaːʂ/ |
| 197 | near | tarā̃t (N) | /t̪aˈɾãːt̪/ |
| 198 | far | südi (N) | /syˈd̪i/ |
| 199 | right | müli (N) | /myˈl̪i/ |
| 200 | left | kāri (N) | /kaːˈɾi/ |
| 201 | at | -akan, -akana (N) | /akan̪/, /akan̪a/ |
| 202 | in | -akan, -akana, ater, ater (N) | /akan̪/, /akan̪a/, /aˈt̪eɾ/, /at̪eˈɾi/ |
| 203 | with | -mili (N) | /mil̪i/ |
| 204 | and | -ye (N) | /je/ |
| 205 | if | ta (N) | /ˈt̪a/ |
| 206 | because | ša-ṛa ta (N) | /ˈɕaɽa t̪a/ |
| 207 | name | nām (N) | /ˈn̪aːm/ |