Appendix:Jeju Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Jeju, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Jeju 제줏말 (jejunmal) edit (240) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 나 (na) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 느 (neu) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 가이 (gai), 자이 (jai), 야이 (yai) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 우리 (uri) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 느네 (neune) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 가이덜 (gaideol) |
| 7 | this | 이 (i) |
| 8 | that | 그 (geu), 저 (jeo) |
| 9 | here | 이디 (idi) |
| 10 | there | 그디 (geudi), 저디 (jeodi) |
| 11 | who | 누게 (nuge) |
| 12 | what | 무신거 (musin'geo) |
| 13 | where | 어디 (eodi) |
| 14 | when | 어느제 (eoneuje) |
| 15 | how | 어떵 (eotteong) |
| 16 | not | 아니 (ani) |
| 17 | all | 모돈 (modon) |
| 18 | many | 하다 (hada), 만ᄒᆞ다 (manhawda) |
| 19 | some | ᄒᆞ꼼 (hawkkom), ᄒᆞᄊᆞᆯ (hawssawl), 조꼼 (jokkom) |
| 20 | few | 족다 (jokda), ᄒᆞ꼼 (hawkkom), ᄒᆞᄊᆞᆯ (hawssawl), 조꼼 (jokkom) |
| 21 | other | ᄐᆞ난 (tawnan) |
| 22 | one | ᄒᆞ나 (hawna) |
| 23 | two | 둘 (dul) |
| 24 | three | 싯 (sit) |
| 25 | four | 닛 (nit) |
| 26 | five | 다ᄉᆞᆺ (dasawt) |
| 27 | big | 크다 (keuda) |
| 28 | long | 질다 (jilda) |
| 29 | wide | 널르다 (neolleuda), 넙다 (neopda) |
| 30 | thick | 두덥다 (dudeopda), 훍다 (hukda) |
| 31 | heavy | 무겁다 (mugeopda), 베다 (beda) |
| 32 | small | 족다 (jokda) |
| 33 | short | ᄍᆞᆯ르다 (jjawlleuda) |
| 34 | narrow | 좁다 (jopda) |
| 35 | thin | ᄁᆞ늘다 (kkawneulda), 얄룹다 (yallupda) |
| 36 | woman | 여ᄌᆞ (yeojaw), 제집 (jejip) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 남ᄌᆞ (namjaw), 소나이 (sonai) |
| 38 | man (human being) | 사름 (sareum) |
| 39 | child | 아이 (ai) |
| 40 | wife | 각시 (gaksi) |
| 41 | husband | 냄펜 (naempen) |
| 42 | mother | 어멍 (eomeong) |
| 43 | father | 아방 (abang) |
| 44 | animal | 짐승 (jimseung) |
| 45 | fish | 물퀘기 (mulkwegi) |
| 46 | bird | 생이 (saeng'i) |
| 47 | dog | 개 (gae) |
| 48 | louse | 니 (ni) |
| 49 | snake | 베염 (beyeom) |
| 50 | worm | 버렝이 (beoreng'i) |
| 51 | tree | 나ᇬ |
| 52 | forest | 곶 (got) |
| 53 | stick | 막뎅이 (makdeng'i) |
| 54 | fruit | ᄋᆢ름 (yawreum) |
| 55 | seed | 씨 (ssi) |
| 56 | leaf | 섭 (seop) |
| 57 | root | 뿔희 (ppulhui) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 낭거죽 (nanggeojuk) |
| 59 | flower | 고장 (gojang) |
| 60 | grass | 풀 (pul) |
| 61 | rope | 줄 (jul) |
| 62 | skin | ᄉᆞᆯ (sawl), ᄉᆞᆯ카죽 (sawlkajuk ) |
| 63 | meat | 궤기 (gwegi) |
| 64 | blood | 피 (pi) |
| 65 | bone | 꽝 (kkwang) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 지름 (jireum) |
| 67 | egg | ᄃᆞᆨ새기 (dawksaegi), 알 (al) |
| 68 | horn | 뿔 (ppul) |
| 69 | tail | 꼴렝이 (kkolleng'i) |
| 70 | feather | 짓 (jit) |
| 71 | hair | 터럭 (teoreok), 꺼럭 (kkeoreok) |
| 72 | head | 머리 (meori) |
| 73 | ear | 귀 (gwi) |
| 74 | eye | 눈 (nun) |
| 75 | nose | 코 (ko) |
| 76 | mouth | 입 (ip) |
| 77 | tooth | 니 (ni) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 세 (se) |
| 79 | fingernail | 손콥 (sonkop) |
| 80 | foot | 발 (bal) |
| 81 | leg | 가달 (gadal) |
| 82 | knee | 독ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆸ (dongmawrawp) |
| 83 | hand | 손 (son) |
| 84 | wing | ᄂᆞᆯ개 (nawlgae) |
| 85 | belly | 베 (be) |
| 86 | guts | 베ᄉᆞᆯ (besawl), 애 (ae), 창지 (changji) |
| 87 | neck | 야게 (yage) |
| 88 | back | 등땡이 (deungttaeng'i) |
| 89 | breast | 가슴 (gaseum) |
| 90 | heart | ᄋᆢᆷ통 (yawmtong) |
| 91 | liver | 간 (gan) |
| 92 | to drink | 드르쓰다 (deureusseuda) |
| 93 | to eat | 먹다 (meokda) |
| 94 | to bite | 물다 (mulda) |
| 95 | to suck | ᄈᆞᆯ다 (ppawlda) |
| 96 | to spit | 밖다 (bakda) |
| 97 | to vomit | 게우다 (ge'uda), 내치다 (naechida) |
| 98 | to blow | 불다 (bulda) |
| 99 | to breathe | 쉬다 (swida) |
| 100 | to laugh | 웃다 (utda) |
| 101 | to see | 보다 (boda) |
| 102 | to hear | 듣다 (deutda) |
| 103 | to know | 알다 (alda) |
| 104 | to think | 세아리다 (searida), 셍각ᄒᆞ다 (senggakhawda) |
| 105 | to smell | 맡다 (matda) |
| 106 | to fear | 저으다 (jeo'euda), ᄆᆞᄉᆞᆸ다 (mawsawpda) |
| 107 | to sleep | 자다 (jada) |
| 108 | to live | 살다 (salda) |
| 109 | to die | 죽다 (jukda) |
| 110 | to kill | 죽이다 (jugida) |
| 111 | to fight | 쌉다 (ssapda), ᄃᆞ투다 (dawtuda), 지싯거리다 (jisitgeorida) |
| 112 | to hunt | 사농 (sanong) |
| 113 | to hit | 치다 (chida), ᄄᆞ리다 (ttawrida) |
| 114 | to cut | 비다 (bida), ᄍᆞᆯ르다 (jjawlleuda) |
| 115 | to split | 가르다 (gareuda) |
| 116 | to stab | 찔르다 (jjilleuda), 질르다 (jilleuda) |
| 117 | to scratch | 긁다 (geukda) |
| 118 | to dig | ᄑᆞ다 (pawda) |
| 119 | to swim | 히다 (hida) |
| 120 | to fly | ᄂᆞᆯ다 (nawlda) |
| 121 | to walk | 걷다 (geotda) |
| 122 | to come | 오다 (oda) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 눅다 (nukda) |
| 124 | to sit | 앚다 (atda) |
| 125 | to stand | ᄉᆞ다 (sawda) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 돌다 (dolda) |
| 127 | to fall | 털어지다 (teoreojida) |
| 128 | to give | 주다 (juda), 안네다 (anneda) |
| 129 | to hold | 심다 (simda), 잡다 (japda) |
| 130 | to squeeze | 짜다 (jjada), 빠다 (ppada) |
| 131 | to rub | 삐비다 (ppibida) |
| 132 | to wash | 싯다 (sitda), 시치다 (sichida) |
| 133 | to wipe | 닦다 (dakda) |
| 134 | to pull | 끗다 (kkeutda), 시치다 (sichida) |
| 135 | to push | 밀리다 (millida) |
| 136 | to throw | 데끼다 (dekkida) |
| 137 | to tie | 묶다 (mukda), 매다 (maeda) |
| 138 | to sew | 줍다 (jupda) |
| 139 | to count | 세다 (seda) |
| 140 | to say | ᄀᆞᆮ다 (gawtda), ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) |
| 141 | to sing | 부르다 (bureuda), 놀레ᄒᆞ다 (nollehawda) |
| 142 | to play | 놀다 (nolda) |
| 143 | to float | 뜨다 (tteuda) |
| 144 | to flow | 흐르다 (heureuda) |
| 145 | to freeze | 얼다 (eolda) |
| 146 | to swell | 붓다 (butda) |
| 147 | sun | 헤 (he) |
| 148 | moon | ᄃᆞᆯ (dawl) |
| 149 | star | 벨 (bel) |
| 150 | water | 물 (mul) |
| 151 | rain | 비 (bi) |
| 152 | river | 강 (gang) |
| 153 | lake | 못 (mot) |
| 154 | sea | 바당 (badang) |
| 155 | salt | 소곰 (sogom) |
| 156 | stone | 돌 (dol), 바위 (bawi) |
| 157 | sand | 몰레 (molle) |
| 158 | dust | 몬지 (monji) |
| 159 | earth | 흑 (heuk) |
| 160 | cloud | 구룸 (gurum) |
| 161 | fog | 으남 (eunam), 안개 (an'gae) |
| 162 | sky | 하늘 (haneul) |
| 163 | wind | ᄇᆞ름 (bawreum) |
| 164 | snow | 눈 (nun) |
| 165 | ice | 얼음 (eoreum) |
| 166 | smoke | 네 (ne) |
| 167 | fire | 불 (bul) |
| 168 | ash | 제 (je) |
| 169 | to burn | 카다 (kada) |
| 170 | road | 질 (jil) |
| 171 | mountain | 산 (san) |
| 172 | red | 붉다 (bukda), 발강ᄒᆞ다 (balganghawda), 벌겅ᄒᆞ다 (beolgeonghawda) |
| 173 | green | 푸리다 (purida), 파랑ᄒᆞ다 (paranghawda), 퍼렁ᄒᆞ다 (peoreonghawda) |
| 174 | yellow | 누리다 (nurida), 노랑ᄒᆞ다 (noranghawda), 누렁ᄒᆞ다 (nureonghawda) |
| 175 | white | 히다 (hida), 헤양ᄒᆞ다 (heyanghawda), 허영ᄒᆞ다 (heoyeonghawda) |
| 176 | black | 검다 (geomda), 가망ᄒᆞ다 (gamanghawda), 거멍ᄒᆞ다 (geomeonghawda) |
| 177 | night | 밤 (bam) |
| 178 | day | 낮 (nat) |
| 179 | year | 헤 (he) |
| 180 | warm | ᄃᆞᆺ다 (dawtda), 덥다 (deopda) |
| 181 | cold | 얼다 (eolda), 차다 (chada) |
| 182 | full | 차다 (chada), ᄀᆞ득다 (gawdeukda) |
| 183 | new | 새로 (saero) |
| 184 | old | 엿 (yeot), ᄀᆞ득다 (gawdeukda) |
| 185 | good | 좋다 (jota) |
| 186 | bad | 궂다 (gutda) |
| 187 | rotten | 썩다 (sseokda) |
| 188 | dirty | 덜렵다 (deollyeopda) |
| 189 | straight | 곧다 (gotda) |
| 190 | round | 동글다 (donggeulda), 둘글다 (dulgeulda) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ᄂᆞ슬다 (nawseulda) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 무끼다 (mukkida) |
| 193 | smooth | ᄇᆞ드랍다 (bawdeurapda) |
| 194 | wet | 젖다 (jeotda) |
| 195 | dry | ᄆᆞᆯ르다 (mawlleuda) |
| 196 | correct | 맞다 (matda), 옳다 (olta) |
| 197 | near | 가찹다 (gachapda) |
| 198 | far | 멀다 (meolda) |
| 199 | right | ᄂᆞ단착 (nawdanchak) |
| 200 | left | 웬착 (wenchak) |
| 201 | at | -이 (-i), -이서 (-iseo) |
| 202 | in | 안 (an) |
| 203 | with | -으로 (-euro) |
| 204 | and | -광 (-gwang), -이영 (-iyeong), -ᄒᆞ고 (-hawgo) |
| 205 | if | -으민 (-eumin) |
| 206 | because | -으난 (-eunan), -언 (-eon), -엉 (-eong), 따문에 (ttamune) |
| 207 | name | 일흠 (ilheum) |