Appendix:Gothic Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Gothic, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Gothic edit (165) | IPA (key) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 𐌹𐌺 (ik) | /ˈik/ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 𐌸𐌿 (þu) | /ˈθuː/ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 𐌹𐍃 (is) (masculine), 𐍃𐌹 (si) (feminine), 𐌹𐍄𐌰 (ita) (neuter) | /ˈis/, /ˈsi/, /ˈi.ta/ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (weis) | /ˈwiːs/ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 𐌾𐌿𐍃 (jus) | /ˈjuːs/ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 𐌴𐌹𐍃 (eis) | /ˈiːs/ |
| 7 | this | 𐍃𐌰 (sa) | /ˈsa/ |
| 8 | that | 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (jains) | /ˈjɛːns/ |
| 9 | here | 𐌷𐌴𐍂 (hēr) | /ˈheːr/ |
| 10 | there | 𐌸𐌰𐍂 (þar) | /ˈθar/ |
| 11 | who | 𐍈𐌰𐍃 (ƕas) (masculine), 𐍈𐍉 (ƕō) (feminine) | /ˈʍas/, /ˈʍoː/ |
| 12 | what | 𐍈𐌰 (ƕa) | /ˈʍa/ |
| 13 | where | 𐍈𐌰𐍂 (ƕar) | /ˈʍar/ |
| 14 | when | 𐍈𐌰𐌽 (ƕan) | /ˈʍan/ |
| 15 | how | 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 (ƕaiwa) | /ˈʍɛː.wa/ |
| 16 | not | 𐌽𐌹 (ni) | /ˈni/ |
| 17 | all | 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃 (alls) | /ˈalːs/ |
| 18 | many | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍃 (manags) | /ˈma.naɡs/ |
| 19 | some | 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍃 (sums) | /ˈsums/ |
| 20 | few | 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍃 (faus) | /ˈfɔːs/ |
| 21 | other | 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 (anþar) | /ˈan.θar/ |
| 22 | one | 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ains) | /ˈɛːns/ |
| 23 | two | 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 (twai) | /ˈtwɛː/ |
| 24 | three | 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (þreis) | /ˈθriːs/ |
| 25 | four | 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 (fidwōr) | /ˈfid.woːr/ |
| 26 | five | 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 (fimf) | /ˈfimf/ |
| 27 | big | 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 (mikils) | /ˈmi.kils/ |
| 28 | long | 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 (laggs) | /ˈlanɡs/ |
| 29 | wide | 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (braiþs) | /ˈbrɛːθs/ |
| 30 | thick | ||
| 31 | heavy | 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 (kaurus) | /ˈkɔ.rus/ |
| 32 | small | 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (leitils) | /ˈliː.tils/ |
| 33 | short | ||
| 34 | narrow | 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌿𐍃 (aggwus) | /ˈan.ɡʷus/ |
| 35 | thin | ||
| 36 | woman | 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉 (qinō) | /ˈkʷi.noː/ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂 (wair), 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 (guma) | /ˈwɛr/, /ˈɡu.ma/ |
| 38 | man (human being) | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 (manna) | /ˈman.na/ |
| 39 | child | 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽 (barn) | /ˈbarn/ |
| 40 | wife | 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns) | /ˈkʷeːns/ |
| 41 | husband | 𐌰𐌱𐌰 (aba) | /ˈa.ba/ |
| 42 | mother | 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 (aiþei) | /ˈɛː.θiː/ |
| 43 | father | 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (atta), 𐍆𐌰𐌳𐌰𐍂 (fadar) | /ˈat.ta/, /ˈfa.dar/ |
| 44 | animal | 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius) | /ˈdiu̯s/ |
| 45 | fish | 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (fisks) | /ˈfisks/ |
| 46 | bird | 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 (fugls) | /ˈfuɡls/ |
| 47 | dog | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (hunds) | /ˈhunds/ |
| 48 | louse | ||
| 49 | snake | 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐍃 (waurms) | /ˈwɔrms/ |
| 50 | worm | 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌰 (maþa) | /ˈma.θa/ |
| 51 | tree | 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 (bagms) | /ˈbaɡms/ |
| 52 | forest | ||
| 53 | stick | 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃 (walus), 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌰 (hrugga) | /ˈwa.lus/, /ˈhrun.ɡa/ |
| 54 | fruit | 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 (akran) | /ˈak.ran/ |
| 55 | seed | 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍅 (fraiw) | /ˈfrɛːw/ |
| 56 | leaf | 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍆𐍃 (laufs) | /ˈlɔːfs/ |
| 57 | root | 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (waurts) | /ˈwɔrts/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ||
| 59 | flower | 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌼𐌰 (blōma) | /ˈbloː.ma/ |
| 60 | grass | 𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌹 (hawi) | /ˈha.wi/ |
| 61 | rope | ||
| 62 | skin | ||
| 63 | meat | 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶 (mimz) | /ˈmims/ |
| 64 | blood | 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 (blōþ) | /ˈbloːθ/ |
| 65 | bone | ||
| 66 | fat (noun) | ||
| 67 | egg | ||
| 68 | horn | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn) | /ˈhɔrn/ |
| 69 | tail | ||
| 70 | feather | ||
| 71 | hair | 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl) (singulative), 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 (skufta) (collective) | /ˈtaɡl/, /ˈskuf.ta/ |
| 72 | head | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 (haubiþ) | /ˈhɔː.biθ/ |
| 73 | ear | 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 (ausō) | /ˈɔːsoː/ |
| 74 | eye | 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 (augō) | /ˈɔːɡoː/ |
| 75 | nose | ||
| 76 | mouth | 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (munþs) | /ˈmunθs/ |
| 77 | tooth | 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 (tunþus) | /ˈtun.θus/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō) | /ˈtun.ɡoː/ |
| 79 | fingernail | ||
| 80 | foot | 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 (fōtus) | /ˈfoːtus/ |
| 81 | leg | ||
| 82 | knee | 𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌿 (kniu) | /ˈkniu̯/ |
| 83 | hand | 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (handus) | /ˈhan.dus/ |
| 84 | wing | ||
| 85 | belly | 𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 (wamba) | /ˈwam.ba/ |
| 86 | guts | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌼 (hairþram) | /ˈhɛr.θram/ |
| 87 | neck | 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals) | /ˈhals/ |
| 88 | back | ||
| 89 | breast | 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (brusts) | /ˈbrusts/ |
| 90 | heart | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 (hairtō) | /ˈhɛr.toː/ |
| 91 | liver | ||
| 92 | to drink | 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽 (drigkan) | /ˈdrin.kan/ |
| 93 | to eat | 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (matjan) | /ˈmat.jan/ |
| 94 | to bite | 𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (beitan) | /ˈbiː.tan/ |
| 95 | to suck | ||
| 96 | to spit | 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (speiwan) | /ˈspiː.wan/ |
| 97 | to vomit | ||
| 98 | to blow | 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (waian) | /ˈwɛː.an/ |
| 99 | to breathe | ||
| 100 | to laugh | 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hlahjan) | /ˈhlah.jan/ |
| 101 | to see | 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 (saiƕan) | /ˈsɛ.ʍan/ |
| 102 | to hear | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hausjan) | /ˈhɔːs.jand/ |
| 103 | to know | 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (witan) | /ˈwi.tan/ |
| 104 | to think | 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hugjan) (to suppose, to mind), 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þagkjan) (to ponder), 𐌸𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þugkjan) (to opine, to seem), 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan) (understand, realise) | /ˈhuɡ.jan/, /ˈθank.jan/, /ˈθunk.jan/, /ˈfraθ.jan/ |
| 105 | to smell | ||
| 106 | to fear | 𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ōgan), 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurhtjan) | /ˈoː.ɡan/, /ˈfɔrht.jan/ |
| 107 | to sleep | 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 (slēpan) | /ˈsleː.pan/ |
| 108 | to live | 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (liban) | /ˈliː.baːn/ |
| 109 | to die | 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gadauþnan), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌽 (gaswiltan) | /ɡaˈdɔːθ.nan/, /ɡaˈswil.tan/ |
| 110 | to kill | 𐌿𐍃𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (usqiman), 𐌰𐍆𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afdauþjan) | /usˈkʷi.man/, /afˈdɔːθ.jan/ |
| 111 | to fight | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (weihan) | /ˈwiː.han/ |
| 112 | to hunt | ||
| 113 | to hit | 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (slahan) | /ˈsla.han/ |
| 114 | to cut | 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (maitan) | /ˈmɛː.tan/ |
| 115 | to split | ||
| 116 | to stab | ||
| 117 | to scratch | ||
| 118 | to dig | 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (graban) | /ˈɡra.ban/ |
| 119 | to swim | ||
| 120 | to fly | ||
| 121 | to walk | 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gaggan), 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (galeiþan) | /ˈɡan.ɡan, /ˈga.liːθan/ |
| 122 | to come | 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (qiman) | /ˈkʷi.man/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ligan) | /ˈli.ɡan/ |
| 124 | to sit | 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (sitan) | /ˈsi.tan/ |
| 125 | to stand | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan) | /ˈstan.dan/ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wandjan) | /ˈwand.jan/ |
| 127 | to fall | 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (driusan) | /ˈdriu̯.san/ |
| 128 | to give | 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (giban) | /ˈɡi.ban/ |
| 129 | to hold | 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (haban) | /ˈha.baːn/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þreihan) | /ˈθriː.han/ |
| 131 | to rub | 𐌱𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 (bnauan) | /ˈbnɔː.an/ |
| 132 | to wash | 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þwahan) | /ˈθwa.han/ |
| 133 | to wipe | 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (biswairban) | /biˈswɛr.ban/ |
| 134 | to pull | 𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌽 (þinsan), 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (tiuhan) | /ˈθin.san/, /ˈtiu̯.han/ |
| 135 | to push | 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌽 (afskiuban) | /afˈskiu̯.ban/ |
| 136 | to throw | 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍀𐌰𐌽 (wairpan) | /ˈwɛr.pan/ |
| 137 | to tie | 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bindan) | /ˈbin.dan/ |
| 138 | to sew | 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (siujan) | /ˈsiu̯.jan/ |
| 139 | to count | 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (garaþjan) | /ɡaˈraθ.jan/ |
| 140 | to say | 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (qiþan) | /ˈkʷi.θan/ |
| 141 | to sing | 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍉𐌽 (liuþōn) | /ˈliu̯.θoːn/ |
| 142 | to play | ||
| 143 | to float | ||
| 144 | to flow | 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (rinnan) | /ˈrin.nan/ |
| 145 | to freeze | ||
| 146 | to swell | ||
| 147 | sun | 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 (sunnō), 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻 (sauil) | /ˈsun.noː/, /ˈsɔː.il/ |
| 148 | moon | 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 (mēna) | /ˈmeː.na/ |
| 149 | star | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 (stairnō) | /ˈstɛr.noː/ |
| 150 | water | 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (watō) | /ˈwa.toː/ |
| 151 | rain | 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 (rign) | /ˈriɡn/ |
| 152 | river | 𐌰𐍈𐌰 (aƕa) | /ˈa.ʍa/ |
| 153 | lake | 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 (saiws), 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 (marisaiws) | /ˈsɛːws/, /ˈma.ri.sɛːws/ |
| 154 | sea | 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 (marei) | /ˈma.riː/ |
| 155 | salt | 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄 (salt) | /ˈsalt/ |
| 156 | stone | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains) | /ˈstɛːns/ |
| 157 | sand | 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌰 (malma) | /ˈmal.ma/ |
| 158 | dust | 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌿𐍃 (stubjus), 𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰 (mulda) | /ˈstub.jus/, /ˈmul.da/ |
| 159 | earth | 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 (airþa) | /ˈɛr.θa/ |
| 160 | cloud | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌼𐌰 (milhma) | /ˈmilh.ma/ |
| 161 | fog | ||
| 162 | sky | 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 (himins) | /ˈhi.mins/ |
| 163 | wind | 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 (winds) | /ˈwinds/ |
| 164 | snow | 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 (snaiws) | /ˈsnɛːws/ |
| 165 | ice | ||
| 166 | smoke | ||
| 167 | fire | 𐍆𐍉𐌽 (fōn) | /ˈfoːn/ |
| 168 | ash | 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō) | /ˈaz.ɡoː/ |
| 169 | to burn | 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (brinnan) | /ˈbrin.nan/ |
| 170 | road | 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (wigs) | /ˈwiɡs/ |
| 171 | mountain | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 (fairguni) | /ˈfɛr.ɡu.ni/ |
| 172 | red | 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (rauþs) | /ˈrauθs/ |
| 173 | green | ||
| 174 | yellow | ||
| 175 | white | 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 (ƕeits) | /ˈʍiːts/ |
| 176 | black | 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 (swarts) | /ˈswarts/ |
| 177 | night | 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (nahts) | /ˈnahts/ |
| 178 | day | 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags) | /ˈdaɡs/ |
| 179 | year | 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr), 𐌰𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌼 (aþnam) | /ˈjeːr/, /ˈaθ.nam/ |
| 180 | warm | ||
| 181 | cold | 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (kalds) | /ˈkalds/ |
| 182 | full | 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 (fulls) | /ˈfulːs/ |
| 183 | new | 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 (niujis) | /ˈniu̯.jis/ |
| 184 | old | 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (sineigs) (of people), 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 (fairneis) (of things) | /ˈsi.niːɡs/, /ˈfɛr.niːs/ |
| 185 | good | 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 (gōþs) | /ˈɡoːθs/ |
| 186 | bad | 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils) | /ˈu.bils/ |
| 187 | rotten | 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fuls) | /ˈfuːls/ |
| 188 | dirty | 𐌿𐌽𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (unhrains) | /ˈunˌhrɛːns/ |
| 189 | straight | 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (raihts) | /ˈrɛhts/ |
| 190 | round | ||
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | *𐍈𐌰𐍃𐍃 (*ƕass) | /ˈʍasː/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ||
| 193 | smooth | 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (slaihts) | /ˈslɛhts/ |
| 194 | wet | ||
| 195 | dry | 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌿𐍃 (þaursus) | /ˈθɔr.sus/ |
| 196 | correct | 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (garaihts) | /ɡaˈrɛhts/ |
| 197 | near | 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 (nēƕa), 𐌽𐌴𐍈 (nēƕ) | /ˈneː.ʍa/, /ˈneːʍ/ |
| 198 | far | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰 (fairra) | /ˈfɛr.ra/ |
| 199 | right | 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐌰 (taihswa) | /ˈtɛhs.wa/ |
| 200 | left | 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰 (hleiduma) | /ˈhliː.du.ma/ |
| 201 | at | 𐌰𐍄 (at) | /ˈat/ |
| 202 | in | 𐌹𐌽 (in) | /ˈin/ |
| 203 | with | 𐌼𐌹𐌸 (miþ) | /ˈmiθ/ |
| 204 | and | 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah) | /ˈjah/ |
| 205 | if | 𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹 (jabai) | /ˈja.bɛː/ |
| 206 | because | 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 (untē) | /ˈun.teː/ |
| 207 | name | 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 (namō) | /ˈna.moː/ |
Bibliography
[edit]- Gotische Elementarbuch by Wilhelm Streitberg
- Project Wulfila
- Gotisches Wörterbuch by Gerhard Köbler