Appendix:Umbrian Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Umbrian, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Umbrian edit (44) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 𐌌𐌄𐌇𐌄 (mehe) (dative singular) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌌 (tiom), 𐌕𐌉𐌖 (tiu), 𐌕𐌉𐌏 (tio) (acc.), 𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌏 (teio) (acc.), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄 (tefe) (dat.) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek), 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | |
| 5 | you (2pl) | |
| 6 | they (3pl) | |
| 7 | this | 𐌁𐌖𐌄 (bue), 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌖 (estu) (acc sg masc.), 𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌄 (este) (acc sg neut.) |
| 8 | that | |
| 9 | here | |
| 10 | there | 𐌉𐌚𐌄 (ife) |
| 11 | who | 𐌐𐌉𐌔𐌉 (pisi), 𐌐𐌉𐌛𐌄 (piře), 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌄 (peře ), 𐌐𐌉𐌓𐌔𐌄 (pirse) |
| 12 | what | 𐌐𐌝𐌃𐌖𐌌 (pídum), 𐌐𐌉𐌛𐌄 (piře), 𐌐𐌉𐌓𐌔𐌄 (pirse), 𐌐𐌏𐌉 (poi), 𐌐𐌏𐌓𐌔𐌄 (porse) |
| 13 | where | |
| 14 | when | 𐌐𐌖𐌚𐌄 (pufe) |
| 15 | how | |
| 16 | not | 𐌍𐌄 (ne) |
| 17 | all | |
| 18 | many | |
| 19 | some | |
| 20 | few | |
| 21 | other | 𐌀𐌓𐌔𐌉𐌓 (arsir) |
| 22 | one | 𐌖𐌍𐌔 (uns) |
| 23 | two | 𐌕𐌖𐌚 (tuf) |
| 24 | three | 𐌕𐌓𐌄 (tre) |
| 25 | four | 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓 (petur) |
| 26 | five | 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 (pumpe) |
| 27 | big | |
| 28 | long | |
| 29 | wide | |
| 30 | thick | |
| 31 | heavy | |
| 32 | small | |
| 33 | short | |
| 34 | narrow | |
| 35 | thin | |
| 36 | woman | |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 𐌖𐌉𐌛𐌏 (uiřo), 𐌖𐌄𐌉𐌛𐌏 (ueiřo) (acc. pl.), 𐌍𐌄𐌓𐌚 (nerf) (acc. pl.) |
| 38 | man (human being) | 𐌇𐌏𐌌𐌏 (homo) |
| 39 | child | |
| 40 | wife | |
| 41 | husband | |
| 42 | mother | 𐌌𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌓 (matrer) |
| 43 | father | |
| 44 | animal | |
| 45 | fish | |
| 46 | bird | 𐌀𐌅𐌄𐌔 (aves) (pl. abl.), 𐌀𐌅𐌉𐌚 (avif) (acc.) |
| 47 | dog | |
| 48 | louse | |
| 49 | snake | |
| 50 | worm | |
| 51 | tree | |
| 52 | forest | |
| 53 | stick | |
| 54 | fruit | |
| 55 | seed | |
| 56 | leaf | |
| 57 | root | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |
| 59 | flower | |
| 60 | grass | |
| 61 | rope | |
| 62 | skin | |
| 63 | meat | 𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖 (karu) |
| 64 | blood | |
| 65 | bone | |
| 66 | fat (noun) | |
| 67 | egg | |
| 68 | horn | |
| 69 | tail | |
| 70 | feather | |
| 71 | hair | |
| 72 | head | |
| 73 | ear | |
| 74 | eye | |
| 75 | nose | |
| 76 | mouth | |
| 77 | tooth | |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | |
| 79 | fingernail | |
| 80 | foot | 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌉 (peři) |
| 81 | leg | |
| 82 | knee | |
| 83 | hand | |
| 84 | wing | |
| 85 | belly | |
| 86 | guts | |
| 87 | neck | |
| 88 | back | |
| 89 | breast | |
| 90 | heart | |
| 91 | liver | |
| 92 | to drink | |
| 93 | to eat | |
| 94 | to bite | |
| 95 | to suck | |
| 96 | to spit | 𐌁𐌄𐌓𐌅𐌀 (berva) (Noun; acc. pl.) |
| 97 | to vomit | |
| 98 | to blow | |
| 99 | to breathe | |
| 100 | to laugh | |
| 101 | to see | |
| 102 | to hear | |
| 103 | to know | |
| 104 | to think | |
| 105 | to smell | |
| 106 | to fear | |
| 107 | to sleep | |
| 108 | to live | |
| 109 | to die | |
| 110 | to kill | |
| 111 | to fight | |
| 112 | to hunt | |
| 113 | to hit | |
| 114 | to cut | |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | |
| 118 | to dig | |
| 119 | to swim | |
| 120 | to fly | |
| 121 | to walk | 𐌀𐌌𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌖 (amprehtu) (early Iguvine; 3rd sg. imperative) |
| 122 | to come | 𐌁𐌄𐌍𐌖𐌔 (benus) (3rd sg. future perf.) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | |
| 124 | to sit | |
| 125 | to stand | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | preuendu (late Iguvine; 3rd sg. imperative), ahauendu (late Iguvine; 3rd sg. imperative) |
| 127 | to fall | |
| 128 | to give | 𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌖 (titu) (early Iguvine; 3rd sg. imperative), dia (late Iguvine; 3rd sg. subj.) |
| 129 | to hold | |
| 130 | to squeeze | |
| 131 | to rub | |
| 132 | to wash | |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | 𐌀𐌉𐌕𐌖 (aitu) |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | 𐌀𐌚𐌉𐌊𐌕𐌖 (afiktu) |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | |
| 141 | to sing | |
| 142 | to play | |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | |
| 148 | moon | 𐌌𐌄𐌍𐌆𐌄𐌍 (menzen), 𐌋𐌏𐌏𐌇𐌔𐌍𐌀𐌀 (loohsnaa) |
| 149 | star | |
| 150 | water | 𐌖𐌕𐌖𐌓 (utur) |
| 151 | rain | |
| 152 | river | |
| 153 | lake | |
| 154 | sea | |
| 155 | salt | salom |
| 156 | stone | |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | |
| 160 | cloud | |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | |
| 163 | wind | |
| 164 | snow | |
| 165 | ice | |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | 𐌐𐌉𐌓 (pir) |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | |
| 170 | road | |
| 171 | mountain | 𐌖𐌊𐌓𐌉𐌐𐌄𐌓 (ukriper) |
| 172 | red | 𐌓𐌖𐌚𐌓𐌖 (rufru) |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | 𐌀𐌋𐌚𐌖 (alfu) |
| 176 | black | 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌖 (atru) (acc. pl.), adro |
| 177 | night | |
| 178 | day | |
| 179 | year | 𐌀𐌂𐌍𐌖 (acnu) (plural) |
| 180 | warm | |
| 181 | cold | |
| 182 | full | |
| 183 | new | |
| 184 | old | 𐌚𐌖𐌍𐌉𐌓 (funir) |
| 185 | good | 𐌂𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌀𐌔 (cupras) |
| 186 | bad | |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | |
| 198 | far | |
| 199 | right | 𐌕𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌊𐌖 (testruku) |
| 200 | left | |
| 201 | at | -𐌀𐌛 (-ař) |
| 202 | in | |
| 203 | with | 𐌐𐌖𐌛𐌄 (puře) |
| 204 | and | 𐌄𐌕 (et), -𐌐 (-p) |
| 205 | if | |
| 206 | because | |
| 207 | name | 𐌍𐌖𐌌𐌄𐌌 (numem), 𐌍𐌏𐌌𐌄 (nome) |