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Exp 1 to 4 and 7 Obs.

The document outlines a series of experiments aimed at determining the resistivity and resistance of wires using various methods such as plotting graphs and using a meter bridge. Key findings include the resistivity values for Nichrome and Manganin wires, as well as verification of the laws of combination of resistances. The document also includes observations, calculations, and precautions for each experiment.

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akanshay2825
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31 views

Exp 1 to 4 and 7 Obs.

The document outlines a series of experiments aimed at determining the resistivity and resistance of wires using various methods such as plotting graphs and using a meter bridge. Key findings include the resistivity values for Nichrome and Manganin wires, as well as verification of the laws of combination of resistances. The document also includes observations, calculations, and precautions for each experiment.

Uploaded by

akanshay2825
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment-1

Aim : To determine resistivity of a given wire by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current.
Apparatus Required:
2 wires of unknown resistance
Battery
Voltmeter
Milliammeter
Rheostat
Plug key
Connecting wires
screw gauge
metre scale
Piece of sandpaper

Circuit Diagram:

Theory/ Formula Used:-


According to Ohm’s law, at constant temperature and pressure,
If I is the current flowing through the conductor and V is the potential difference across its end, then
V∝ I
and hence
V=RI
where R is the constant of proportionality and is termed as the electrical resistance of the conductor.
The relationship between the resistance of a material and its length and area of the cross-section is given by the formula

OR
Observations:-
Range of Ammeter = 0 A to 3 A
Least count of ammeter = 0.05 A
Range of voltmeter = 0 V to 3 V
Least count of voltmeter = 0.05 V
Least Count of Screw gauge= 0.01 mm
Least count of meter-scale = 1 mm =0.1 cm =0.001 m
Length of the wire 1, l1= 1 m

Length of the wire 2, l2= 1.15 m


Table for finding Resistance:-
For wire 1: For wire 2:
Nichrome wire Manganin wire
S.No. Voltage Current Voltage Current
(V) (mA) (V) (mA)
1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.05
2 1 0.2 1 0.10
3 1.5 0.28 1.5 0.15
4 2.0 0.4 2.0 0.20
5 2.5 0.52 2.5 0.32
6 3.0 0.62 3.0 0.36

Table for finding thicckness of Wire 1:-

S.No Main Circular Diameter,


. scale scale
reading, reading, (mm)
p (mm) n
1 0 50 0.5
2 0 50 0.5
Mean diameter = 0.5 mm
-3
Radius of wire, r = 0.25 mm= 0.25 x 10 m
Table for finding thickness of Wire 2:-

S.No Main Circular Diameter,


. scale scale
reading, reading, (mm)
p (mm) n
1 0 54 0.54
2 0 54 0.54
Mean diameter = 0.54 mm
-3
Radius of wire, r = 0.27 mm = 0.27 x 10 m
for wire 1

for wire 2

Calculations:
Calculation for Resistance:
Slope of the graph 1 = AB/BC
Resistance of the wire 1= Reciprocal of the slope.
R1 = BC/AB = 5.1 Ω (approx.)
Slope of the graph 2 = AB/BC
Resistance of the wire 2= Reciprocal of the slope.
R2 = BC/AB = 8 Ω (approx.)
Calculation for Resistivity:
-8
Resistivity of wire1 (Nichrome) = 100.18 x 10 Ωm (approx.)
-8
Resistivity of wire2 (Manganin) = 50.71 x 10 Ωm (approx.)

Result
(i)The potential difference across the wire varies linearly with the current.
(ii) The resistivity of wire 1 is :
(iii) The resistivity of wire 2 is :
Experiment-2
Aim
To find resistance of a given wire using meter bridge.

Materials Required
1. metre bridge
2. battery eliminator
3. galvanometer
4. resistance box
5. jockey
6. one-way key
7. resistance wire
8. Connecting wires
9. A piece of sandpaper

Theory
Metre bridge apparatus is also known as a slide wire bridge. It is fixed on the wooden block and consists of
a long wire with a uniform cross-sectional area. It has two gaps formed using thick metal strips to make the
Wheatstone’s bridge.
Circuit Diagram:

Observations and Calculations:-


S.No. Resistance Balancing Resistance
from the length, l (cm)
resistance box,
X (ohm) (ohm)
1 300 59 208
2 400 65 205
3 500 70 214
Mean Resistance (ohm) = 210 ohm

Result
The value of unknown resistance X = …….
Precautions
1. The connections should be neat, tight and clean.
2. Plugs should be tightly connected in the resistance box.
3. The movement of the jockey should be gentle and it shouldn’t be rubbed.
4. The key K should be inserted only when the observations are to be taken.
5. The null point should be between 45cm and 55cm.
6. To avoid the error of parallax, the set square should be used to note the null point.
7. There shouldn’t be any loops in the wire.
8. The diameter of the wire should be measured in two perpendicular directions that are mutual.

Sources of Error
1. The screws of the instrument might be loose.
2. The meter bridge wire might be of non-uniform diameter.
3. There might be backlash error in the screw gauge.
4.
Experiment-3
Aim
To verify the laws of combination of resistances using a meter bridge.
Apparatus/Materials Required
Meter Bridge
Battery Eliminator
Resistance Box
Galvanometer
Jockey
Sand Paper
Connecting wire
Two resistance wires
rheostat

Circuit Diagram

Theory/ Formula Used:-


(i) The resistance of resistance wire or a coil is given by

where R is the resistance from the resistance box in the left gap and l is the length of the meter bridge wire from
zero ends up to the balance point.
(ii) When two resistors r1 and r2 are connected in series, their combined resistance is given as follows:
rs = r1 + r1
Observations and Calculations:-
Resistance S.No. Resistance Balancing Resistance of coil, Mean
coil from the length (cm) Resistance
resistance (ohm)
box, R
(ohm)
r1 only 1 3 59 2.08 r1 =
2.1
2 4 65 2.05

3 5 70 2.14

r2 only 1 3 51.5 2.82 r2 = 2.8


2 4 58.5 2.83

3 5 64 2.81

r1 and r2 1 3 39.5 4.5 rs = 4.8


in series
2 4 44.5 4.9

3 5 50 5.0

Theoretical Value of Resistance of Combination = r1 + r2 = 2.1+2.8=4.9 ohm

Result
Within limits of experimental error, theoretical and experimental values of Rs are the same. Hence, the law of
resistance in series is verified.
Precautions
Ensure the connection is neat, clean and tight
Insert key only while taking an observation
Move jockey gently over the metre bridge wire.

Sources of Error
The instrument screw may be loose
Unavailability of thick connecting wires
Experiment-4

Observations & Calculations:


e.m.f of battery: 2 V
S.No. Resistance, R No. of No. of Required Galvanometer Galvanometer
(ohm) divisions divisions in Shunt, S (ohm) Resistance, Resistance,
in full half
deflection, deflection,
n n/2 (ohm) (A/div)
1 5000 30 15 90 91.6496 0.0000130943
2 6500 20 10 90 91.2636 0.0000151715
3 8500 18 9 90 90.9631 0.000012933
Mean Value of Galvanometer Resistance, G=91.2921 ohm
Mean value of figure of merit, k=0.0000137329 A/div = 1.37 x 10-5 A/div

Experiment -7
Angle of minimum deviation
Observations:-
Angle of Prism:

S.No. Angle of incidence, i Angle of Deviation, D

1 30o 46o
2 35 44
3 40 42
4 45 40
5 50 39
6 55 40
7 60 41

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