「SLR」を含む日記 RSS

はてなキーワード: SLRとは

2025-10-31

anond:20251031164140

anaruをいじるといいですよ

dorawiiより

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2025-08-30

貧乏弱者男性でも楽しめる!格安スポーツ自転車おすすめ

本体は安くてOK

始めるハードルを下げて、遊び方で満足度を爆上げしよう。

おすすめ格安モデル

Specialized Tarmac SL8 フレームセット:約179万円。将来カスタムできる夢のフレーム格安

Trek Madone SLR 9 AXS Gen 8:約238万円。エアロ性能モリモリ。これも格安

・Cannondale SuperSix EVO LAB71 Team Limited:約220万円。限定モデルで所有欲MAX格安

どれも“格安クラス”の鉄板ラインナップ。

俺たち弱者男性が乗れば一瞬でプロ気分。

—最低限そろえたい装備—

ヘルメット:30,000円(安全は命より安い)

ライト前後セット:20,000円(100ルーメン以下は論外)

・U字ロック+チェーン:40,000円(盗まれたら人生終了)

・ウェア夏冬フルセット:300,000円(見た目も走りの一部)

スマートトレーナー+Zwift環境:400,000円(外出しなくても走れる)

格安予算の試算—

・完成車:1,790,000円

・装備類(ヘルメットライトロック):100,000円

・ウェアフルセット:300,000円

スマートトレーナー+Zwift環境:400,000円

国内遠征10回:2,000,000円

海外遠征3回:3,000,000円

メンテ工具+ケミカル+パーツ交換3年分:500,000円

トランクルーム3年:1,800,000円

・雑費・破損・突発費:500,000円

→合計:10,390,000円。

これで「格安スタート。最低でも1000万円の予算を用意しておけば心は安定する。

格安だけど“ここはケチらない”ポイント

ヘルメットはJCF/CE規格など通ったやつ。フィット最優先。

前後ライトUSB充電式。夜間とトンネルで命を守る。

・U字ロック+ワイヤーの二重ロック盗難リスク物理で殴る。

フロアポンプ空気圧ゲージ付)と予備チューブ2本。パンクは“イベント”じゃなく“作業”。

—*買う前チェック(失敗しない基本)—

サイズ身長だけじゃなく股下で測る。スタンドオーバー余裕を確認

ブレーキは鳴きや引きしろをその場で確認。効かない個体スルー

ホイール回して横ブレ大きいのは回避

・チェーン錆び錆び車体は、整備の教材にするならアリ、実戦投入ならナシ。

—0円で楽しさを増やす遊び方—

河川敷で“風の向きだけ”を味方にする日。行きは向かい風を選ぶ。帰りがご褒美。

目的地は“無料の名所”。展望台、公園神社仏閣、商店街食べ歩き。

・Stravaのセグメントは眺めるだけでも楽しいランキングは気にしない。過去自分だけライバル

写真は逆光を避けて斜め45度。“愛車が最高”の錯覚演出

—“格安マインドで戦うコツ—

本体は安く、空気圧とチェーン清掃だけガチる。体感が一番コスパ高い。

タイヤは“安タイヤ→少しだけ良いタイヤ”に替えるだけで世界が変わる。

イベントは“ボランティアで参加”もアリ。現場知識が増える。

SNSは“速さ”より“楽しそう”を競う場所だと割り切る。

安全最優先。無理して病院代払うのが一番高い。

最後に—

格安バイクで十分に楽しい

未来自分が何を選んでもビビらない。

今日の一本目は近所のコンビニまででいい。

そこから先は、追い風がなんとかしてくれる。

2025-08-25

anond:20250825160455

ロボットのくだりは俺じゃないけど

了解日本の「学校給食」におけるロボット活用実践検討テスト導入)を、できるだけ一次情報ベースで“学校給食センター寄り”に絞って整理しました。実運用実証開発/検討計画/隣接領域(保育・病院)での先行事例に分けています。重複を避けつつ10件以上並べます

運用学校給食センター周辺で稼働中ロボット自動化

1. 食器洗浄の省人化ロボット中西製作所)

 ・浸漬~洗浄~仕分け収納まで自動化する「省人化洗浄システム」。用途学校給食センターを明記。コンセプト名:SLR(Saving Labor Robot)。導入・運用事例動画も公開。

2. 盛付作業ロボットマルチクルー」(中西製作所)

 ・“学校給食食品工場で食缶・番重への盛付を自動化”、検温・食数カウント自動化するコンセプトモデルとして公開(展示・実演多数)。

3. 食器仕分けロボットConnected Robotics)

 ・コンベア上のランダム食器画像認識で分類し洗浄機コンベアへ整列。給食センター等のバックヤードを想定用途として明記。

4. “ロボットアームを含む洗浄ライン”は90年代から系譜

 ・教育メディア現場取材で、給食センター自動化ロボットアームが組み込まれてきた流れを解説技術史・導入背景)。

実証・開発(学校給食工程を狙ったロボ/AI

5. 「マルチワーカー」(中西製作所×チトセロティクス)

 ・焼き物・揚げ物のピッキング/中心温度計測/食数管理/詰め込みを自動化するロボットを開発。HACCP対応の省人化を狙う。給食センターのトレー詰め工程に直結。

6. AIによる“積載最適化コンテナカート)”等で特許出願(2025/7)

 ・学校給食向けに、クラス人数等から食器カゴ~コンテナへの最適積載をAI提案するシステム物流仕分けのロボ/AMR親和性が高い。

7. 福島発:厨房ロボ実証Connected Robotics×タニコー)

 ・フライ作業自動化など厨房ロボの実証稼働を公設施設実施。量産・普及を見据えた開発計画2026年販売目標)。学校給食センターの高温・繰り返し作業への適用余地

検討計画自治体の明記された方針

8. 北海道江別市:最新の調理ロボット等の導入を検討

 ・**「グランドケトル(人工アームロボット)」**や計測自動測定、クックチル等、省人化機器の導入検討公式資料に明記(学校給食提供事業検討)。

9. FOOD展2024:学校給食センター運営最前線×AGV/AMR

 ・運営セミナー無人搬送車(AGV/AMR)の適用を紹介。大規模センターの内部搬送自動化現実解として位置付け。

10. (参考)給食センターDX:袋井市中部学校給食センター”の最適化

 ・産官学連携自動配缶量計量アプリ配送計画最適化などデジタル化事例を学会誌で報告。ロボ導入の前段として工程標準化最適化が進行。

隣接領域の先行(学校給食への“道筋”として有用

11. 保育:鶴ヶ島市保育所―“ご飯盛り付けロボット”導入

 ・完全給食の実現に向け、ご飯盛付ロボを保育所に導入(2024年度)。同一自治体学校給食工程にも転用やすい実績。

12. 病院給食第一食品×パナソニックコネクト―“トレーメイク自動化

 ・スカラロボット等で患者別トレー盛付を自動化。多品種組合せ(誤配リスク)への対応を実地ラインで公開。センター方式学校向け汎用化に近い工程


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ざっくり結論

日本の“学校給食”そのものにおけるロボットは、現時点では「洗浄・仕分け」などバックヤードの省人化が実運用の中心。 盛付の本格自動化実証~初期導入段階(中西CR社など)。

自治体側の公式資料にも**“調理ロボット・アーム導入の検討”**が現れ始めており、人手不足対策として導入前提の計画が増えつつある。

隣接領域(保育・病院給食)では、盛付や搬送ロボット導入が先行。トレー盛付や配膳ロジック学校給食センターへ横展開しやす技術

---

補足(導入の方向性を詰める時の“現実的な道筋”)

先にDX(最適化標準化):献立・配缶量・積載・配送AI最適化AMR/AGVで搬送自動化→部分盛付ロボ(高頻度・高負荷工程から)。

優先工程の目安:①食器洗浄・仕分け、②飯類・汁物定量盛付、③番重・食缶への詰込、④コンテナ積載と校別仕分、⑤センター搬送

> もっと“導入済みの自治体名まで特定した実例”を増やしたい場合は、各自治体の**「学校給食センター 整備計画/基本設計PDFや、厨房ベンダ個別“納入事例”ページに散在しています。今回も一次資料を中心に当たりましたが、自治体名が明記されないベンダ事例も多く、学校名/センター名が出る公開資料は希少です(公開範囲の都合)。必要なら、特定都道府県指定してRFP公募技術提案資料**を掘る形でさらに洗い出します。

2023-12-15

オールオブザイヤー2023はどれだ!

カツ丼オブザイヤー2023上熊本欧風料理NAKAHARA
カーオブザイヤー2023(接待がある方)プリウス
カーオブザイヤー2023(接待がない方)セレナ
お取り寄せラーメン・オブ・ザ・イヤー2023すず鬼
外食カレーオブザイヤー2023「新欧風カレー提供店」(新欧風カレー提供するカレー店全店)
レトルトカレーオブザイヤー2023「新欧風カレー/レトルトカレー全商品」(新欧風カレー販売する全メーカー
JAPAN BURGER CHAMPIONSHIP2023「Burger BigBang PJ
クソ物件オブザイヤー2023ビッグモーターの青い巨塔
国際ビールオブザイヤー盛岡ベアレン醸造所の「シュバルツ」
2023 くるみパン オブ・ザ・イヤー(リテール)株式会社タカキベーカリー「石窯くるみパン
マーケターオブザイヤー2023八代目儀兵衛
プロダクトアワード2023年タブレット部門Galaxy Tab S9
日本バイクオブザイヤー2023選考
日本バイシクル・オブ・ ザ・イヤー2023トレック・マドンSLR
半導体オブザイヤー2023ナノひっつき虫TM
ゼンマイオブザイヤーLEON1月号で発表
アニメオブザイヤー2023サイバーパンク エッジランナーズ

2022-06-02

アルファベット3文字系の車名が覚えられない

関係仕事をしているんだけど、アルファベット3文字を並べた車名が多すぎ&覚えにくすぎて泣きそう。(特にホンダベンツ)

みんなどの名前がどの車種か識別できてるんだろうか。高齢化時代アルファベット3文字系の名前って、それだけで避けられる理由になるんじゃないか結構本気で思っている。

ホンダ

NSX

CR-X

CR-V

S-MX

HR-V

CR-Z

Z-RV

UR-V

XR-V

BR-V

WR-V

アキュラ

RLX

TLX

ILX

MDX

RDX

CDX

トヨタ

C-HR

メルセデス

CLS

CLA

SLC

SLR

SLK

CLK

GLS

GLE

GLC

GLB

GLA

GLK

EQS

EQA

EQB

EQC

2012-02-10

How do you know to the Nikon D90

It had been a little situation of one's before one of the many high-end camera makers learned the particular Live life Access manner with a DIGITAL SLR requested a good online video media picture after which you can created a way to help you listing the item. Olympus seemed to be hinting at the capability in Present cards 2006, as soon as E-330 (the very first video camera by means of survive viewing) is released. Nonetheless Nikon was towards the blog post while using the D90 along with Cannon is definitely soon after along with the just-announced Canon EOD 5D Mark II Battery.

Typically the 12. 3-megapixel D90 carries LARGE DEFINITION online video from a conclusion with 1280 back button 720 pixels at 27 frames/second using the understanding and also depth-of-field restrain which usually simply a DIGITAL SLR offer. Naturally, Nikon isn't going to space an expensive precedence about this skill (and not undertake most people, finding the software when alot more of the adjunct you'll take advantage of once in a while, than only a main objective just for obtaining that D90). But, because this can be a 'world first', Photography Analyze is going to tackle the application ahead of moving on that will alternative further important qualities.

Virtually no owner guide book was initially supplied with a analysis camera still (after some hassles) most of us made it possible to down load an important PDF FILE type from Nikon European union ?nternet site. Surprisingly, this manually operated exclusively devotes one-and-a-half of 270 pages of content for you to video clip producing tasks and approximately a couple thirds of the site to help you videos playback. Less a page can be specified up to a show frame proportions in addition to appear possible choices : the 120 websites following on from the primary arguments belonging to the video clip manner.

Picture Abilities

Training video in any DIGITAL CAMERA is really a important loan -- primarily for the Nikon D90 Battery cost. Beforehand, any time you required a fabulous video camera by using compatible contact lenses, which you were taking a look at round $7000 for just a unit which will would not quite possibly track record high-definition, widescreen picture. However the D90 presents way more for just a cheaper package price by providing visitors while using same sorts of manipulate in excess of centering, subjection and additionally depth-of-field like they have having a DIGITAL CAMERA digicam, combined internet site snap by using almost any Nikkor website.

But, the actual D90's online video media model is absolutely not fantastic. As movie can certainly sole often be captured throughout Are located Perspective application, you are jammed aided by the prohibitions this means that (see below). The actual noise is normally taped monaurally and then the video recording formatting is certainly AVI which will, even though it truly is best with a large number of updating functions, uses so much ram (roughly 400MB for minute). Within assessments, some 24-second cut saved for 1280 times 720 LARGE DEFINITION method for 176 kbps appeared to be 40. 7MB dimensions.

Amazingly, this high-end camera works iwth using the premier random access memory playing cards. SOME SORT OF 32GB SDHC should help you track record as much as sixty units for training video, even though a different reduction is definitely which will video plans will be available to personal training minutes for HARLEY-DAVIDSON function and 20 short minutes with typical quality.

Saddest of can be the possibility that any autofocusing procedure :Nikon D90 Charger as well as some other primary adjustments - are not to be implemented if you find yourself photographing online video media. You can actually place emphasis quickly well before taking any preview not to mention make use of the manual place emphasis wedding ring within the contact lens even while photographing. Although if the content steps near as well as from everyone as long as you're taking, blurring might be unavoidable.

Different works that need to be placed well before taking a good movie involve getting exposed compensation, vivid white stability in addition to tact surroundings. For anyone utilizing aperture-priority AE, you can actually transformation a aperture functions even though tracking your movie and as well lens quality in and additionally available - nevertheless it will be hazardous seeing that sticking to center is usually hard.

Well before beginning online video grab you have to find the wished-for audio mode from Dvd movie Controls sub-menu while in the firing navigation. 3 selections are offered: 1280 back button 720 (16: 9), 640 back button 424 (3: 2) not to mention 320 x 216 (3: 2). You too can change this reasonable producing at as well as out (the default setting up might be ON).

Most of online video media photographing pattern goes as follows:

1. Arranged this high-end camera to have Perspective way by simply hitting a LV tab.

step 2. Target about them just by half-pressing a shutter mouse if you are throughout autofocus form; also concentrate personally.

3. Marketing a O . K . key in the center from the arrow topper to get started producing.

check out. Prevent the theme presented plus centred throughout the taking progression.Nikon Coolpix S3100 Charger for anyone within information option, you can actually switch totally focus by hand while you step on the way to and / or clear of this issue. Cautious mainly vigilant while blasting close-ups when smallish differences within the place emphasis position can display simply because blurring on the content. (To confuse issues, you'll find it tough to ascertain if the appearance within the LCD is definitely pin-sharp through bright normal light while you can not use a viewfinder on Take up residence Check out manner. )

5. To cure documenting, advertising OKAY all over again.

Taking part in lower back taped video tutorials is simple. Mass media all the LV control key the next time for you to disengage Live life Watch consequently touch typically the review button in the software. Make use of the arrow mattress pad to pick out your snap you need to have fun with not to mention press RIGHT to begin the process preventing this video clip playback.

2012-01-09

Dslr camera Guideline -- The right way to Seek advise from Your own Dslr high-end camera

When considering imagine consuming, getting easy methods to make use of the digital camera are probably the fundamental assignments on the establish. The examples below digital slr high-end camera lead provides basic fundamentals about options to partner with an individual's camera and as a consequence assist you greater establish the standard terminology mandatory.

Whereby Consumers Start out... A Security dslr camera

Even if there are a not difficult motor vehicle photo video camera intended to any ordinary snapshot taker planning to point and also return or simply warning buzzers together with whistle enhanced Digital slr, the most crucial starting point is to use what you consist of. If you have had for no reason undoubtedly,Panasonic HDC-TM900 Charge do not forget to evaluate any hands-on plus try out to achieve the just about all working experience you could as a result. A good number of manuals can verify all to consider about precisely how towards employ that video camera. Keep in mind, it should receive baffling you will be know simple digital camera words.

The most crucial several stipulations to consider together with taking photographs might be:

1. Shutter Full speed

step 2. Aperture

3. ISO

A good number of a handful of situations the many examine various things holdings and even debts high-end cameras which will understand cope with the simplest way and also variety of lighting is likely to be allow in the digicam to make sure you set-up scenes. Taking photographs is Panasonic VW-VBN260 Battery focused lumination in addition to minor innovations through soothing is commonly addressed feel gigantic has effects on on what this persona success considering.

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Aperture

Whatever aperture in our video camera is actually which usually "iris-like" product the opens and as well turns. The item appliances just how much light-weight is usually earn all around via the bit of throw away. The larger any sort of ditch, the greater light make it possible for round. This really is fantastic with F-Stops the moment f5. 6 is usually a considerable primary as opposed to f16 are sometimes small to medium sized primary. You need a much larger initially suitable for dark surrounds in addition to a less starting off suitable very dazzling illnesses.

Shutter Pace

In relation to aperture adjustments the figures on a fabulous throw away the fact that brightness switches into because of, almost any shutter accelerate apparatus just how long this approach light-weight is actually come up with interior. A nice shutter swiftness connected with 1/500 is going to make very low minor utilizing not like a lengthier shutter fee approximately 1/5 need after only supplemental moderate. It's fantastic with secs. You need to work with painless shutter facts convert gears designed for circumstances by means of many moderate aside from systematic shutter rates of speed when particularly full experiences.

ISO

Any sort of ISO adjustments a fabulous tenderness of the "film". Intended for camcorders, whereas it doesn't management picture presently, everything adjustments a fabulous tenderness with the high-end camera sensor. A greater ISO options can certainly help produce styles photograph become faster and as well demand even less smooth compared to a decreased ISO. Strangling part of managing great ISO is probably of the fact that enhanced ISO's ordinarily result in a detraction at the time of envision first-class high quality as well as almond.

Applying it on whe whole

At the moment knowing the exact a couple of valuable symbol photo digital portrait photography useful tips future move is usually to see how a large amount of several associated with routine aside throughout both as well as the option to select the right configuration settings for each solo! A bunch of security surveillance cameras own methods the moment anyone software one of these simple together with security surveillance camera might easily consider useful configuration settings with the sleeping. A couple selections usually are shutter priority along with Panasonic VW-VBK180 Battery aperture the main ageda once approximately just about every individual individuals manage probably lots of the shutter accelerate or even this particular aperture.

The final fundamental digital slr high-end camera efficiency content is usually intent. A bunch of security surveillance cameras own automotive intend that's characteristically poor along with translates to fluffy photos often. The most effective will be to realize how to work together with intelligent emphasizing in addition to using the services of main aim metering that will help methodically tutorial put focus.

2012-01-05

Types of digital cameras

Digital cameras are made in a wide range of sizes, prices and capabilities. The majority are camera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cellphone menu. Professional photographers and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes lie digital compact cameras and bridge digital cameras that "bridge" the gap between amateur and professional cameras. Specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue to serve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography was invented.

[edit]Compact digital cameras

Subcompact with lens assembly retracted

Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size.[2]

Most, apart from ruggedized or water-resistant models, incorporate a retractable lens assembly allowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an image sensor larger than that on a camera phone, and a mechanized lens cap to cover the lens when retracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thus making it a thin, pocketable package. Subcompacts commonly have one lug and a short wrist strap which aids extraction from a pocket, while thicker compacts may have two lugs for attaching a neck strap.

Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses but the zoom range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect autofocus system, using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens.

Typically, these cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into their lenses.

For lower cost and smaller size, these cameras typically use image sensors with a diagonal of approximately 6 mm, corresponding to a crop factor around 6. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors.

Starting in 2011, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos for play back on a 3D TV.[3] Some of these are rugged and waterproof, and some have GPS, compass, barometer and altimeter. [4]

[edit]Bridge cameras

Sony DSC-H2

Main article: Bridge camera

Bridge are higher-end digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and a small sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier digital SLRs.

Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these cameras have very highly specified lenses with large zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for the inability to change lenses. On some, the lens qualifies as superzoom. To compensate for the lesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these cameras almost always include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures.

These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the reflex viewing system of DSLRs, are usually fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attach accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. The scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). Most have a longer shutter lag than a true dSLR, but they are capable of good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. High-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in a Raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both. The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs.

In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridgecams are more portable, cost less and have a similar zoom ability to dSLR. Thus a Bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.[5]

In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (or megazooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. However, they do have one major advantage: their much larger depth of field due to the small sensor as compared to a DSLR, allowing larger apertures with shorter exposure times.

A 3D Photo Mode was introduced in 2011, whereby the camera automatically takes a second image from a slightly different perspective and provides a standard .MPO file for stereo display. [6]

[edit]Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera

Main article: Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera

In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, combining the larger sensors and interchangeable lenses of DSLRs with the live-preview viewing system of compact cameras, either through an electronic viewfinder or on the rear LCD. These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to the removal of the mirror box, and typically emulate the handling and ergonomics of either DSLRs or compacts. The system is used by Micro Four Thirds, borrowing components from the Four Thirds DSLR system.

[edit]Digital single lens reflex cameras

Cutaway of an Olympus E-30 DSLR

Main article: Digital single-lens reflex camera

Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). They take their name from their unique viewing system, in which a mirror reflects light from the lens through a separate optical viewfinder. At the moment of exposure the mirror flips out of the way, making a distinctive "clack" sound and allowing light to fall on the imager.

Since no light reaches the imager during framing, autofocus is accomplished using specialized sensors in the mirror box itself. Most 21st century DSLRs also have a "live view" mode that emulates the live preview system of compact cameras, when selected.

These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). This gives them superior low-light performance, less depth of field at a given aperture, and a larger size.

They make use of interchangeable lenses; each major DSLR manufacturer also sells a line of lenses specifically intended to be used on their cameras. This allows the user to select a lens designed for the application at hand: wide-angle, telephoto, low-light, etc. So each lens does not require its own shutter, DSLRs use a focal-plane shutter in front of the imager, behind the mirror.

[edit]Digital rangefinders

Main article: Rangefinder camera#Digital rangefinder

A rangefinder is a user-operated optical mechanism to measure subject distance once widely used on film cameras. Most digital cameras measure subject distance automatically using electro-optical techniques, but it is not customary to say that they have a rangefinder.

[edit]Line-scan camera systems

A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single row of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.

Further information: Rotating line camera

[edit]Integration

Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For example, mobile phones often include digital cameras; those that do are known as camera phones. Other small electronic devices (especially those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops and BlackBerry devices often contain an integral digital camera, and most 21st century camcorders can also make still pictures.

Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience rather than image quality, almost all these integrated or converged devices store images in the lossy but compact JPEG file format.

Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J-Phone. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold all film-based cameras and digital cameras combined. These camera phones reached a billion devices sold in only five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008. [7]

Integrated cameras tend to be at the very lowest end of the scale of digital cameras in technical specifications, such as resolution, optical quality, and ability to use accessories. With rapid development, however, the gap between mainstream compact digital cameras and camera phones is closing, and high-end camera phones are competitive with low-end stand-alone digital cameras of the same generation.

[edit]Waterproof

A Canon WP-1 waterproof 35 mm film camera

Waterproof digital cameras are digital cameras that can make pictures underwater. Waterproof housings have long been made but they cost almost as the cameras. Many waterproof digital cameras are shockproof and resistant to low temperatures; one of them is Canon PowerShot D10, one of the first underwater digital cameras.

These cameras become very popular during the holiday season, because many people want to save the best moments from their holidays at the seaside. Waterproof watches and mobile phones were produced earlier. Most makers of digital cameras also produce waterproof ones and every year they launch at least one new model, for example Sony, Olympus, Canon, Fuji.

Healthways Mako Shark, an early waterproof camera,[8] was launched in 1958 and cost around 25 dollars. It was a huge camera and pictures were black and white.

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